Im Juni 1896 fand die „International exhibition for physical education, health care and sport" took place. Exhibitions and trade fairs such as the World Exhibition may seem a little bland today, but back then they were a curiosity for the citizens. Nobody could have known at the time just how much Innsbruck was at the cutting edge with this event. In distant Athens, an exhibition with a sporting background also took place at almost the same time. Over the next few decades, the Olympic Games would develop into the biggest sporting event in the world and bring Innsbruck back onto the world stage almost 70 years later.

Unlike the Olympic Games in Athens, the Tyrolean exhibition was modelled less on antiquity than on the "vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen dem Erziehungswesen, dem Sport und der Gesundheitspflege einerseits und Handel und Gewerbe andererseits inform. They were certain that "jede Nation, jeder Staat… seine Besonderheiten in Bezug auf Schuleinrichtungen und Principien der Gesundheitspflege und die Ausübung des Sportes hat.

Whereas three years previously the exhibition had used the Leopoldsbrunnen as a symbol of the connection between the House of Habsburg and the province of Tyrol, this time a non-Habsburg was chosen. Who better to represent Tyrol as a nation than the heroic Andreas Hofer, who had even sacrificed his life for God, Emperor and Fatherland?

The panorama building was erected as part of the exhibition in a wooden structure near today's exhibition centre to visually present the heroic battle of the Tyroleans against the superior forces of the French and Bavarians in 1809 to visitors from near and far. Visitors were able to see the Riesenrundgemälde by the Munich painter Michael Zeno Diemer (1867 - 1939), which captured his vision of the 3rd Battle of Mount Isel on 13 August 1809 on 1000 square metres. Film and moving pictures were still in their infancy. Panoramas were the most exciting way of the end of the century to convey history and events to an audience in an exciting and lively way, almost in 3D. In all major European cities, it was fashionable to present historical, patriotic events as a panorama. The Innsbrucker Nachrichten described the hervorragende Object auf dem Ausstellungsplatze The response on the day of the opening was correspondingly enthusiastic:

„Es ist dies ein Rundbild, wie es herrlicher und prächtiger nirgends gefunden werden dürfte. Der Besucher ist geradezu überrascht, entzückt, wenn er das Panorama betritt. Die Illusion ist so vollkommen, dass er vergisst, dass er in einem geschlossenen Raume sich befindet. Wenn ja, so kann man men es hier sagen, dass der Künstler sich selbst übertroffen hat.“

Lange währte der Holzbau allerdings nicht. Ein glücklicher Zufall wollte es, dass das Gemälde auf großer Reise in London bei der Imperial Austrian Exhibition war, als das Gebäude zehn Jahre später abbrannte. Die Innsbrucker Nachrichten notierten dazu am 6. Februar 1906:

„Heute nachts um 2 ¼ kam in dem in letzter Zeit unbewohnten Gebäude des Panoramas der Schlacht am Berg Isel 1809 auf bisher unbekannte Weise ein Feuer zum Ausbruch, welches bei der leichten Bauart des Gebäudes rasch um sich griff, sodass es schon gegen 3 Uhr in sich zusammenstürzte und nur noch das Gerippe der Seitenwände Zeugnis gibt, wo einst das vielbesuchte tirolische Gemälde von Diemer, Egger und Burger seine Anziehungskraft ausübte.“

The current building was opened just one year later. The octagonal building designed by Anton Fritz next to the valley station of the old Hungerburg railway is one of the buildings that symbolises the development of modern Innsbruck in Saggen around the turn of the century. The Saggen was not only home to the giant circular painting, but also to the old Chain Bridge, built in 1837, and the valley station of the Hungerburg railway, two other buildings that symbolised the renewal of the city. A tourist advert advertised the patriotic work of art:

„… das Riesenrundgemälde des akademischen Malers Michael Zeno Diemer an der Station der Hungerburgbahn; 96 Meter breit und 12 ½ Meter hoch. Zählt zu den bedeutendsten Sehenswürdigkeiten Innsbrucks.“

1917 ging das Riesenrundgemälde erneut auf Wanderschaft, diesmal nach Wien. Der Kampf der Tiroler gegen die französische Übermacht war mittlerweile zum nationalen Symbol geworden und sollte die Kriegspropaganda unterstützen. Während in ganz Europa das industrialisierte Massensterben an den Fronten vor sich ging, zeigte das Gemälde Ziemers eine idyllische Version des patriotischen Krieges. Der Schriftsteller Alfred Polgar notierte dazu:

„Dort ist’s still und kühl. Die Gewehre und Kanonen schießen, aber sie knallen nicht. Die Getroffenen fahren mit der Hand ans Herz, aber es tut ihnen – dieses tröstliche Bewußtsein haben wir – nicht weh. Feindliche Soldatenhaufen stürmen wild den Berg hinauf, aber sie kommen nicht vom Fleck.“

After the war, the panorama building was used as a garage and cattle shed. The battle painting, which weighed several tonnes, was stored in the Hofburg. For the time being, people had seen enough of the war. It was not until 1924 that the rotunda was reopened to the public. The enterprising Josef Hackl, landlord of the Gasthof Golden Eaglebought the giant circular painting and exhibited it again. In 1974, the building was placed under a preservation order, but since the construction of the museum on Mount Isel and the relocation of the giant circular painting there in 2011, it has stood empty. As of 2025, it has not yet been decided what will happen to the building, which is in need of renovation but is steeped in history.

Wer den Beweis benötigt, dass die Innsbrucker stets ein aktives Völkchen waren, könnte das Bild „Winterlandschaft“ des niederländischen Malers Pieter Bruegel (circa 1525 – 1569) aus dem 16. Jahrhundert bemühen. Auf seiner Rückreise von Italien gen Norden hielt der Meister wohl auch in Innsbruck und beobachtete dabei die Bevölkerung beim Eislaufen auf dem zugefrorenen Amraser See. Beda Weber beschrieb in seinem Handbuch für Reisende in Tirol 1851 the leisure habits of the people of Innsbruck, including ice skating on Lake Amras. "The lake not far away (note: Amras), a pool in the mossy area, is used by ice skaters in winter." To this day, sporty clothing in every situation is the most normal thing in the world for Innsbruckers. While in other cities people turn up their noses at functional clothing or hiking and sports shoes in restaurants or offices, at the foot of the Nordkette you don't stand out.

It wasn't always like that. The path from ice-skating peasant to active citizen was a long one. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, leisure and free time for sports such as hunting or riding was primarily a privilege of the nobility. It was not until the changed living conditions of the 19th century that a large proportion of the population, especially in the cities, had something like leisure time for the first time. More and more people no longer worked in agriculture, but as labourers and employees in offices, workshops and factories according to regulated schedules.

The pioneer was the early industrialised England, where workers and employees slowly began to free themselves from the turbo capitalism of early industrialisation. 16-hour days were not only detrimental to workers' health, entrepreneurs also realised that overworking was unprofitable. Healthy and happy workers were better for productivity. Efforts to introduce an 8-hour day had been underway since the 1860s. In 1873, the Austrian book printers pushed through a working day of ten hours. In 1918, Austria switched to a 48-hour week. From 1930, 40 hours per week became the standard working time in industrial companies. People of all classes, no longer just the aristocracy, now had time and energy for hobbies, club life and sporting activities.

In many cases, it was also English tourists who brought sporting trends, disciplines and equipment with them. The financial outlay for the required equipment determined whether the discipline remained the preserve of the middle classes or whether workers could also afford the pleasure. For example, luge was already widespread around the turn of the century, while bobsleigh and skeleton remained elitist sports.

Sport was not only a leisure activity, but also a demarcation between the individual social classes. The working classes, bourgeoisie and aristocracy also nurtured their identity through the sports they practised. Aristocrats rode and hunted with the dignity of old, the middle classes showed their individuality, wealth and independence through expensive sports equipment such as modern bicycles, and the working classes chased balls or wrestled in teams of eleven. The separation may no longer be conscious, but you can still see people identifying with "their" sport today.

In the middle of the 19th century, sportsmen and women joined singers, museum and theatre enthusiasts, scientists and literature fans. The beginning of organised club sport in Innsbruck was marked by the ITV, the Innsbrucker Turnvereinwhich was founded in 1849. Gymnastics was the epitome of sport in German-speaking countries. The idea of competition was not in the foreground. Most clubs had a political background. There were Christian, socialist and Greater German sports clubs. They served as a preliminary organisation for political parties and bodies. More or less all clubs had Aryan clauses in their statutes. Jews therefore founded their own sports clubs. The national movement emerged from the German gymnastics clubs, similar to the student fraternities. The members were supposed to train themselves physically in order to fulfil the national body to serve in the best possible way in the event of war. Sedentary occupations, especially academic ones, became more common, and gymnastics served as a means of compensation. If you see the gymnasts performing their exercises and demonstrations in old pictures, the strictly military character of these events is striking. The Greater German agitator Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778 - 1852), commonly known as Gymnastics father Jahnwas not only the nation's gymnast, but also the spiritual father of the Lützow Free Corps which went into action against Napoleon as a kind of all-German volunteer army. One of the most famous bon mots attributed to this passionate anti-Semite is "Hatred of everything foreign is a German's duty". In Saggen, Jahnstraße and a small park with a monument commemorate Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.

1883 gründeten die Radfahrer den Verein Bicycle Club. The first bicycle races in France and Great Britain took place in 1869. The English city of Coventry was also a pioneer in the production of the elegant steel steeds, which cost a fortune. In the same year, the Innsbruck press had already reported on the modern means of individual transport when "some gentlemen ventured onto the road with several velocipedes ordered by the Peterlongo company". In 1876, cycling was briefly banned in Innsbruck as accidents had repeatedly occurred. Cycling was also quickly recognised by the state as a form of exercise that could be used for military purposes. A Reich war ministerial decree on this can be found in the press:

„Es ist beabsichtigt, wie in den Vorjahren, auch heuer bei den Uebungen mit vereinigten Waffen Radfahrer zu verwenden… Die Commanden der Infanterie- und Tiroler Jägerregimenter sowie der Feldjäger-Bataillone haben jene Personen, welche als Radfahrer in Evidenz stehen und heuer zur Waffenübung verpflichtet sind, zum Einrücken mit ihrem Fahrrade aufzufordern.“

The Velocipedists siedelten sich 1896 im Rahmen der „Internationalen Ausstellung für körperliche Erziehung, Gesundheitspflege und Sport“ im Saggen nahe der Viaduktbögen mit einer Radrennbahn samt Tribüne an. Neben Radrennen fanden hier bis zum Abriss der Anlage Boxkämpfe und Tennismatches statt. Die Innsbrucker Nachrichten berichteten begeistert von dieser Neuerung, war doch der Radsport bis zu den ersten Autorennen europaweit die beliebteste Sportdisziplin:

„Die Innsbrucker Rennbahn, welche in Verbindung mit der internationalen Ausstellung noch im Laufe der nächsten Wochen eröffnet wird, erhält einen Umfang von 400 Metern bei einer Breite von 6 Metern… Die Velociped-Rennbahn, um deren Errichtung sich der Präsident des Tiroler Radfahrer-Verbandes Herr Staatsbahn-Oberingenieur R. v. Weinong, das Hauptverdienst erworben hat, wird eine der hervorragendsten und besteingerichteten Radfahrbahnen des Continents sein. Am. 29. d. M. (Anm.: Juni 1896) wird auf der Innsbrucker Rennbahn zum erstenmale ein großes internationales Radwettfahren abgehalten, welchem dann in der Zukunft alljährlich regelmäßig Velociped-Preisrennen folgen sollen, was der Förderung des Radfahr-Sports wie auch des Fremdenverkehrs in Innsbruck sicher in bedeutendem Maße nützlich sein wird.“

The footballers had left the umbrella organisation ITV because of the Aryan Law, which forbade matches with teams with Jewish players. In 1903, the Verein Fußball Innsbruckwhich would later become the SVI. At this time, there were already national football matches, for example a 1:1 draw between the ITV team and Bayern Munich. The matches were played on a football pitch in front of the Sieberer orphanage. In Wilten, now part of Innsbruck, in 1910 the SK Wilten. 1913 gründete sich mit Wacker Innsbruck the most successful Tyrolean football club to date, winning the Austrian championship ten times under different names and also celebrating minor international successes.

The first bathing establishment welcomed swimmers from 1833 in the Höttinger in the outdoor pool on the Gießen. Further baths at Büchsenhausen Castle or the separate women's and men's baths next to today's Sillpark area soon followed. The outdoor swimming pool was in a particularly beautiful location Beautiful rest above Ambras Castle, which opened in 1929 shortly after the indoor swimming pool in Pradl was built. The population had grown just as much as the desire for swimming as a leisure activity. In 1961, the sports programme at Tivoli was expanded to include the Freischwimmbad Tivoli extended.

In addition to the various summer sports, winter sports also became increasingly popular. Tobogganing was already a popular leisure activity on the hills around Innsbruck in the middle of the 19th century. The first ice rink opened in 1870 as a winter alternative to swimming on the grounds of the open-air swimming pool in the Höttinger Au. Unlike water sports, ice skating was a pleasure that could be enjoyed by men and women together. Instead of meeting up for a Sunday stroll, young couples could meet at the ice rink without their parents present. The ice skating club was founded in 1884 and used the exhibition grounds as an ice rink. With the ice rink in front of the k.u.k. shooting range in Mariahilf, the Lansersee, the Amraser See, the Höttinger Au swimming facility and the Sillkanal in Kohlstatt provided the people of Innsbruck with many opportunities for ice skating. The first ice hockey club, the IEV, was founded as early as 1908.

Skiing, initially a Nordic pastime in the valley, soon spread as a downhill discipline. The Innsbruck Academic Alpine Club was founded in 1893 and two years later organised the first ski race on Tyrolean soil from Sistrans to Ambras Castle. Founded in 1867, the Sports shop Witting in Maria-Theresien-Straße proved its business acumen and was still selling equipment for the well-heeled skiing public before 1900. After St. Anton and Kitzbühel, the first ski centre was founded in 1906. Innsbruck Ski Club. The equipment was simple and for a long time only allowed skiing on relatively flat slopes with a mixture of alpine and Nordic style similar to cross-country skiing. Nevertheless, people dared to whizz down the slopes in Mutters or on the Ferrariwiese. In 1928, two cable cars were installed on the Nordkette and the Patscherkofel, which made skiing significantly more attractive. Skiing achieved its breakthrough as a national sport with the World Ski Championships in Innsbruck in February 1933. On an unmarked course, 10 kilometres and 1500 metres of altitude had to be covered between the Glungezer and Tulfes. The two local heroes Gustav Lantschner and Inge Wersin-Lantschner won several medals in the races, fuelling the hype surrounding alpine winter sports in Innsbruck.

Innsbruck identifiziert sich bis heute sehr stark mit dem Sport. Mit der Fußball-EM 2008, der Radsport-WM 2018 und der Kletter-WM 2018 konnte man an die glorreichen 1930er Jahre mit zwei Skiweltmeisterschaften und die beiden Olympiaden von 1964 und 1976 auch im Spitzensportbereich wieder an die Goldenen Zeiten anknüpfen. Trotzdem ist es weniger der Spitzen- als vielmehr der Breitensport, der dazu beiträgt, aus Innsbruck die selbsternannte Sporthauptstadt Österreichs zu machen. Es gibt kaum einen Innsbrucker, der nicht zumindest den Alpinski anschnallt. Mountainbiken auf den zahlreichen Almen rund um Innsbruck, Skibergsteigen, Sportklettern und Wandern sind überdurchschnittlich populär in der Bevölkerung und fest im Alltag verankert.

Einer der wichtigsten Akteure der Stadtgeschichte war Wilhelm Greil (1850 – 1923). Von 1896 bis 1923 bekleidete der Unternehmer das Amt des Bürgermeisters, nachdem er vorher bereits als Vizebürgermeister die Geschicke der Stadt mitgestaltet hatte. Es war die Zeit des Wachstums, der Eingemeindung ganzer Stadtviertel, technischer Innovationen, neuer Medien und bis dahin unvorstellbarer gesellschaftlicher, sozialer und politischer Umwälzungen.

Die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts war in der Politik vom Kampf liberaler und konservativer Kräfte geprägt. Die Konservativen hatten es, anders als im restlichen Tirol, schwer in Innsbruck, dessen Bevölkerung seit der Zeit Napoleons liberale Morgenluft geschnuppert hatte. Jede Seite hatte nicht nur Politiker, sondern auch Vereine und eigene Zeitungen. Steuern, Gesellschaftspolitik, Bildungswesen, Wohnbau und die Gestaltung des öffentlichen Raumes wurden mit Leidenschaft und Eifer diskutiert. Bedingt durch eine Wahlordnung, die auf das Stimmrecht über Vermögensklassen aufgebaut war, konnten nur etwa 10% der gesamten Innsbrucker Bevölkerung zur Wahlurne schreiten. Dabei galt das relative Wahlrecht innerhalb der drei Wahlkörper, was so viel heißt wie: The winner takes it all. Mass parties such as the Social Democrats were unable to assert themselves until the electoral law reform of the First Republic. Mayors like Greil could rely on 100% support in the municipal council, which naturally made decision-making and steering much easier.

Greil belonged to the "Deutschen Volkspartei", a liberal and national-Great German party. What appears to us today as a contradiction, liberal and national, was a politically common and well-functioning pair of ideas in the 19th century. Pan-Germanism was not a political peculiarity of a radical right-wing minority, but rather a centrist trend, particularly in German-speaking cities of the Reich, which was important in varying forms through almost all parties until after the Second World War. Whoever issues the liberal Innsbrucker Nachrichten of the period around the turn of the century, you will find countless articles in which the common ground between the German Reich and the German-speaking countries was made the topic of the day.

Greil war ein geschickter Politiker, der sich innerhalb der vorgegebenen Machtstrukturen seiner Zeit bewegte. Er wusste sich um die traditionellen Kräfte, die Monarchie und den Klerus geschickt zu manövrieren und sich mit ihnen zu arrangieren. Die Zeit bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg war von einer allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Boomzeit charakterisiert. Das verschaffte ihm viel Gestaltungsspielraum. Unter ihm wurde von der Stadt ganz im Stil eines Kaufmanns vorausschauend Grund angekauft, um Projekte zu ermöglichen. Unter Wilhelm Greil erweiterte sich Innsbruck im Eiltempo. Der Politiker Greil konnte sich bei den großen Bauprojekten der Zeit auf die Beamten und Stadtplaner Eduard Klingler, Jakob Albert und Theodor Prachensky stützen. Infrastrukturprojekte wie das neue Rathaus in der Maria-Theresienstraße 1897, die Hungerburgbahn 1906 und die Karwendelbahn wurden umgesetzt. Weitere Meilensteine waren die Erneuerung des Marktplatzes und der Bau der Markthalle.

Much of what was pioneered in the second half of the 19th century is part of everyday life today. For the people of that time, however, these things were a real sensation and life-changing. The four decades between the economic crisis of 1873 and the First World War were characterised by unprecedented economic growth and rapid modernisation. The city's economy boomed. Businesses were founded in Pradl and Wilten and attracted workers. Tourism also brought fresh capital into the city. At the same time, however, the concentration of people in a confined space under sometimes precarious hygiene conditions also brought problems. The outskirts of the city in particular were repeatedly plagued by typhus.

His predecessor, Mayor Heinrich Falk (1840 - 1917), had already contributed significantly to the modernisation of the town and the settlement of Saggen. Since 1859, the lighting of the city with gas pipelines had progressed steadily. Between 1887 and 1891, Innsbruck was equipped with a modern high-pressure water pipeline, which could also be used to supply flats on higher floors with fresh water. Wilhelm Greil arranged for the gas works in Pradl and the electricity works in Mühlau to be taken over into municipal ownership. The street lighting was converted to electric light.

Greil was able to secure Innsbrucker Renaissance on patrons from the town's middle classes. Baron Johann von Sieberer donated the old people's asylum and the orphanage in Saggen. Leonhard Lang donated the building, previously used as a hotel, to which the town hall moved from the old town in 1897, in return for the town's promise to build a home for apprentices.

Noch vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg kam es zu Veränderungen im politischen Alltag. Die ersten freien Wahlen innerhalb der k.u.k. Monarchie zum Reichsrat für alle männlichen Bürger im Jahr 1907 veränderten die sozialen Spielregeln. In seinen letzten Amtsjahren begleitete Greil Innsbruck am Übergang von der Habsburgermonarchie zur Republik durch Jahre, die vor allem durch Hunger, Elend, Mittelknappheit und Unsicherheit geprägt waren. Er war 68 Jahre alt, als italienische Truppen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg die Stadt besetzten und Tirol am Brenner geteilt wurde, was für ihn als Vertreter des Deutschnationalismus besonders bitter war.

In 1928, former mayor Greil died as an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck at the age of 78. Wilhelm-Greil-Straße was named after him during his lifetime.