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Herzog-Friedrich-Stra\u00dfe 21<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/C29458E5-5DFF-4D6C-AAA8-566C4ED3A63A-scaled.jpeg“ alt=“Kiebachgasse Innsbruck Vier Viecher Eck“ title_text=“C29458E5-5DFF-4D6C-AAA8-566C4ED3A63A“ disabled_on=“on|on|on“ _builder_version=“4.25.1″ _module_preset=“default“ border_radii=“on|10px|10px|10px|10px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ disabled=“on“ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=“67269,56498,64457,57078,1776,59855,60694″ fullwidth=“on“ admin_label=“Galerie Stadtturm & Altes Rathaus“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ pagination_text_color=“#E09900″ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“61874″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_2″ _builder_version=“4.16″ custom_padding=“|||“ global_colors_info=“{}“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_toggle title=“Wissenswert“ open=“on“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Stadtturm“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ hover_enabled=“0″ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“58888″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“ sticky_enabled=“0″]<\/p>\n
The red building flanking the City Tower is the Old Town Hall. Until the 14th century, the city\u2019s affairs were managed in the house of the town judge or mayor. Besides a lack of transparency, these were not ideal working conditions for governing an ever-growing municipality with its own city council. Duke Ludwig of Brandenburg imposed a special tax to finance the construction of a dedicated town hall. In 1358, the building on the Upper Town Square was completed. It was the first official town hall of a Tyrolean municipality. The mayor and the community now had an appropriate home as official bodies. The modest building was erected before Innsbruck\u2019s golden age and was not intended to display bourgeois splendour but to serve as an administrative building. The market inspectors were also based in the town hall. They oversaw the goods offered, their quantity and quality. Bread, for example, was weighed by the \u201cbread guardian\u201d at the bread counter in the town hall to prevent extortion and fraud.\nThrough several renovations, extensions and repairs\u2014the earthquake of 1689 did not spare the town hall\u2014the building took on its present form. A relief on the fa\u00e7ade commemorates the confirmation of city rights in 1239. The plaque was added in 1939 for the 700th anniversary of this event, based on a design by Hans Andre. Despite the anti-clerical stance of the National Socialists, the church painter Andre managed to incorporate an angel as the herald of city rights. The costumes of the figures depicted do not reflect the actual fashion of Innsbruck\u2019s bourgeoisie in the 13th century but rather what was considered the German ideal of the German city of Innsbruck at the dawn of National Socialism.<\/p>\n
The symbolic sign of civic pride in city rights came later. The City Tower was built between 1442 and 1450 during the reign of Frederick IV. Innsbruck had meanwhile become a residence city. The increasingly wealthy citizens of Innsbruck wanted to demonstrate their newfound confidence. In 1560, the sturdy tower was crowned with an onion dome, the so-called Augsburg cap. This style was highly fashionable at the time, as Augsburg\u2014home and business city of the merchant family Jakob Fugger\u2014was one of Europe\u2019s most important cities. Below the dome, skilfully crafted copper gargoyles in the shape of dolphins cluster. However, the City Tower was not merely an expression of Innsbruck\u2019s vanity. The first floor housed a prison, and from the platform above, the tower watchman had to keep an eye out for dangers, monitor the city and, above all, sound the alarm in case of fire. Another duty of the watchman was announcing the time. Unlike today, not every citizen had a wristwatch. Besides church bells, people relied on the goodwill and precision of the man in the tower. A peculiarity of time in the Middle Ages was that it differed from village to village. Innsbruck likely had a different time than Hall or Schwaz. Only with industrialisation and the railway did synchronised time become important. Work schedules and timetables made a reinvention of time necessary.<\/p>\n
Die Erweiterung des Alten Rathauses innerhalb der Altstadt schlug trotz mehrerer Entwurfsversuche im Laufe der zweiten H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts mangels Platzes fehl. Heute ist der Stadtturm beliebt, um die Altstadt von oben zu betrachten. In 55 m H\u00f6he kann man sich wie ein mittelalterlicher Turmw\u00e4chter f\u00fchlen und die ganze Altstadt \u00fcberblicken. Besonders der Blick auf Helblinghaus<\/em> und Goldenes Dachl<\/em> mit der Nordkette im Hintergrund bildet die Kulisse f\u00fcr das ganz besondere Foto. Ob es gut bei den anderen Besuchern ankommt, wenn man lauthals die Uhrzeit von seinem Handy abliest, ist eine andere Frage.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Big City Life im fr\u00fchen Innsbruck“ open=“on“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Mittelalterliches und Fr\u00fchneuzeitliches Stadtrecht“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“53562″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n Innsbruck hatte sich von einem r\u00f6mischen Castell w\u00e4hrend des Mittelalters zu einer Stadt entwickelt. Diese formale Anerkennung Innsbrucks als Stadt durch den Landesf\u00fcrsten brachte ein g\u00e4nzlich neues System f\u00fcr die B\u00fcrger mit sich. Marktrecht, Baurecht, Zollrecht und eine eigene Gerichtsbarkeit gingen nach und nach auf die Stadt \u00fcber. Stadtb\u00fcrger unterlagen nicht mehr ihrem Grundherrn, sondern der st\u00e4dtischen Gerichtsbarkeit, zumindest innerhalb der Stadtmauern. Das gefl\u00fcgelte Wort „Stadtluft macht frei<\/em>“ r\u00fchrt daher, dass man nach einem Jahr in der Stadt von allen Verbindlichkeiten seines ehemaligen Grundherrn frei war. B\u00fcrger konnten anders als unfreie Bauern und Dienstleute frei \u00fcber ihren Besitz und ihre Lebensf\u00fchrung verf\u00fcgen. Nat\u00fcrlich hatten sie Rechte und Pflichten zu erf\u00fcllen. B\u00fcrger lieferten zwar keinen Zehent ab, sondern bezahlten Steuern an die Stadt. Welche Gruppe innerhalb der Stadt welche Steuer zu bezahlen hatte, konnte die Stadtregierung selbst festlegen. Die Stadt wiederum musste diese Steuern nicht direkt abliefern, sondern konnte nach Abzug einer fixen Abgabe an den Landesf\u00fcrsten frei \u00fcber ihr Budget verf\u00fcgen. Zu den Ausgaben neben der Stadtverteidigung geh\u00f6rte die Kranken- und Armenf\u00fcrsorge. Notleidende B\u00fcrger konnten in der \u201eBoiling kitchen<\/em>\u201c Speisen beziehen, so sie das B\u00fcrgerrecht hatten. Besondere Beachtung schenkte die Stadtregierung ansteckenden Krankheiten wie der Pest, die in regelm\u00e4\u00dfigen Abst\u00e4nden die Einwohner marterte.<\/p>\n In return for their rights, every citizen had to take the oath of citizenship. This civic oath included the obligation to pay taxes and perform military service. In addition to defending the town, the citizens were also deployed outside the town. In 1406, a delegation together with mercenaries opposed an Appenzell army in defence of the Upper Inn Valley. From 1511, according to Emperor Maximilian's Landlibell, the town council was also obliged to provide a contingent of conscripts for the defence of the country. In addition to this, there were volunteers who Freif\u00e4hnlein<\/em> For example, during the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529, Innsbruckers were among the city's defenders.<\/p>\n Im 15. Jahrhundert wurde der Platz eng im rasch wachsenden Innsbruck. Das B\u00fcrgerrecht wurde zu einem exklusiven Gut. Nur noch freien Untertanen aus ehelicher Geburt war es m\u00f6glich, das Stadtrecht zu erlangen. Um B\u00fcrger zu werden, mussten entweder Hausbesitz oder F\u00e4higkeiten in einem Handwerk nachgewiesen werden, an der die Z\u00fcnfte der Stadt interessiert waren. Der Streit darum, wer ein \u201eechter\u201c Innsbrucker ist, und wer nicht, h\u00e4lt sich bis heute. Dass Migration und Austausch mit anderen immer schon die Garantie f\u00fcr Wohlstand waren und Innsbruck zu der lebenswerten Stadt gemacht haben, die sie heute ist, wird dabei oft vergessen.<\/p>\n Due to these restrictions, Innsbruck had a completely different social composition to the neighbouring villages. Craftsmen, merchants, civil servants and servants of the court dominated the cityscape. Merchants were often travelling people, officials and court servants also came to Innsbruck for a short time as part of a prince's entourage and did not have citizenship. It was the craftsmen who exercised a large part of the political power within the citizenry. Unlike peasants, they belonged to the mobile classes in the Middle Ages and early modern period. After their apprenticeship, they went to the Walz<\/em>before they took the master craftsman's examination and either returned home or settled in another city. Craftsmen not only transferred knowledge, they also spread cultural, social and political ideas. The craft guilds sometimes exercised their own jurisdiction alongside the municipal jurisdiction among their members. They were social structures within the city structure that had a great influence on politics. Wages, prices and social life were regulated by the guilds under the supervision of the sovereign. One could speak of an early social partnership, as the guilds also provided social security for their members in the event of illness or occupational disability. Individual trades such as locksmiths, tanners, platers, carpenters, bakers, butchers and blacksmiths each had their own guild, headed by a master craftsman.<\/p>\n From the 14th century, Innsbruck demonstrably had a city council, the so-called Gemain<\/em>and a mayor who was elected annually by the citizens. These were not secret but public elections, which were held every year around Christmas time. In the Innsbrucker Geschichtsalmanach<\/em> von 1948 findet man Aufzeichnungen \u00fcber die Wahl des Jahres 1598.<\/p>\n The Feast of St. Erhard, i.e., January 8th, played a significant role in the lives of the citizens of Innsbruck each year. On this day, they gathered to elect the city officials, namely the mayor, city judge, public orator, and the twelve-member council. A detailed account of the election process between 1598 and 1607 is provided by a protocol preserved in the city archive:\n\n\"... The ringing of the great bell summoned the council and the citizenry to the town hall, and once the honorable council and the entire community were assembled at the town hall, the honorable council first convened in the council chamber and heard the farewell of the outgoing mayor of the previous year, Augustin Tauscher.\"<\/em><\/p>\n Der B\u00fcrgermeister vertrat die Stadt gegen\u00fcber den anderen St\u00e4nden und dem Landesf\u00fcrsten, der die Oberherrschaft \u00fcber die Stadt je nach Epoche mal mehr, mal weniger intensiv aus\u00fcbte. Jeder Stadtrat hatte eigene, klar zugeteilte Aufgaben zu erf\u00fcllen wie die \u00dcberwachung des Marktrechts, die Betreuung des Spitals und der Armenf\u00fcrsorge oder die f\u00fcr Innsbruck besonders wichtige Zollordnung. Der Konsum von Alkohol und das Verweilen in den Gastst\u00e4tten war zu verschiedenen Zeiten unterschiedlich geregelt. \u00c4rmeren Bev\u00f6lkerungsschichten war es nicht nur zu teuer, sie durften auch nur zu gewissen Zeiten in die Gasth\u00e4user. So sollte \u00fcberm\u00e4\u00dfiger Trunkenheit und dem Anbetteln der Oberschicht vorgebeugt werden. Der Stadtrat kontrollierte die Qualit\u00e4t und G\u00fcte der Speisen \u00e4hnlich einem fr\u00fchen Marktamt, waren St\u00e4dte doch an der Qualit\u00e4t ihrer Betriebe interessiert, um als Wirtschaftsstandort und f\u00fcr G\u00e4ste interessant zu sein. Bei all diesen politischen Vorg\u00e4ngen sollte man sich stets in Erinnerung rufen, dass Innsbruck im 16. Jahrhundert etwa 5000 Einwohner hatte, von denen nur ein kleiner Teil das B\u00fcrgerrecht besa\u00df. Besitzlose, fahrendes Volk, Erwerbslose, Dienstboten, Diplomaten, Angestellte, Frauen und Studenten waren keine wahlberechtigten B\u00fcrger. Zu w\u00e4hlen war ein Privileg der m\u00e4nnlichen Oberschicht.<\/p>\n Contrary to popular belief, the Middle Ages were not a lawless time of arbitrariness. At both local and national level, there were codes that regulated very precisely what was permitted and what was forbidden. This could vary greatly depending on the ruler and the prevailing morals and customs. Carrying weapons, swearing, prostitution, making noise, playing music, blasphemy, children playing - anything and anyone could be targeted by the guardians of the law. If you include the rules for trade, customs duties, the exercise of professions by guilds and price fixing for all kinds of goods by the magistrate, pre-modern and early modern coexistence was no less regulated than it is today. The difference was control and enforcement power, which the authorities often lacked.<\/p>\n If someone was caught committing an unlawful or immoral act, there were courts that passed judgement. The medieval court days were held at the \"Dingst\u00e4tte<\/em>\" is held outdoors. The tradition of the Thing<\/em> goes back to the old Germanic Thing<\/em>where all free men gathered to dispense justice. The city council appointed a judge who was responsible for all offences that were not subject to the blood court. He was assisted by a panel of several jurors. Punishments ranged from fines to pillorying and imprisonment. The city also monitored compliance with religious order. \"Heretics\" and dissenters were not reprimanded by the church, but by the city government.<\/p>\n The penal system also included less humane methods than are common today, but torture was not used indiscriminately and arbitrarily. However, torture was also regulated as part of the procedure in particularly serious cases. Until the 17th century, suspects and criminals in Innsbruck were Kr\u00e4uterturm <\/em>at the south-east corner of the city wall, on what is now Herzog-Otto-Ufer. Both the trial and the serving of the sentence were public trials. The city tower was Fool's cottage<\/em>a cage in which people were locked up and put on display. On the wooden Schandesel<\/em> you were dragged through the town for minor offences. The pillory was located in the suburb, today's Maria-Theresien-Stra\u00dfe. There was no police force, but the town magistrate employed servants and town watchmen were posted at the town gates to keep the peace. It was a civic duty to help catch criminals. Vigilante justice was forbidden.<\/p>\n Jurisdiction between municipal and territorial courts was regulated as early as 1288 in the Urbarbuch. Serious crimes remained under the authority of the territorial court. Capital jurisdiction covered offenses such as theft, murder, or arson. The territorial court for all communities south of the Inn between Ampass and G\u00f6tzens was located at Sonnenburg, south above Innsbruck. In the 14th century, the Sonnenburg court moved to the Upper City Square in front of the Innsbruck city tower, later into the town hall, and in the early modern period to G\u00f6tzens. With the centralization of justice in the 18th century, the Sonnenburg court returned to Innsbruck and found accommodation under changing names and in various buildings, such as the Leuthaus in Wilten, on Innrain, or at the Ettnau manor, known as the Malfatti-Schl\u00f6ssl, on H\u00f6ttinger Gasse.<\/p>\n From the late 15th century onward, Innsbruck\u2019s executioner was centralized and responsible for several courts, residing in Hall. Execution sites changed over time. A gallows long stood on a hill in today\u2019s Dreiheiligen district directly by the main road. The K\u00f6pflplatz was located until 1731 at today\u2019s corner of Fallbachgasse and Weiherburggasse in Anpruggen. In H\u00f6tting, the gallows stood behind the Chapel of the Great God. The present chapel, which alongside a Baroque crucifix features ceramic figures by the renowned artist Max Spielmann (1906\u20131984), was relocated during roadworks in the 1960s. While Spielmann\u2019s Dance of Death memorial commemorates those killed in the Second World War, those sentenced to death once sent a final prayer heavenward here before the noose was placed around their necks or their heads were severed\u2014depending on social status and the nature of the crime. It was not uncommon for the condemned to give their executioner a kind of gratuity so that he would aim as precisely as possible to make the execution as painless as possible. Much could go wrong: if the sword missed its mark, the noose was improperly placed, or the rope broke, the suffering of the condemned increased.\nFor authorities and public order, particularly dangerous offenders such as the \u201cheretic\u201d Jakob Hutter or the captured leaders of the Peasants\u2019 Revolts of 1525 and 1526 were publicly executed in front of the Golden Roof. \u201cAggravated\u201d punishments such as quartering or breaking on the wheel\u2014derived from the Latin poena\u2014were not routine but could be ordered in special cases. Executions were public demonstrations of authority and served as a form of purification of society and as a deterrent. Large crowds gathered to accompany the condemned on their final journey. On execution days, university lectures were suspended to allow students to attend and be morally instructed. The bodies of those executed were often left hanging and buried outside consecrated cemetery grounds or handed over to the university for study purposes. The last public execution in Austrian history took place in 1868. Although executions thereafter were still far from gentle, killings by strangulation at the gallows\u2014used until the 1950s\u2014were no longer public spectacles.<\/p>\n With the centralisation of law under Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the 18th century and the General Civil Code in the 19th century under Franz I, the law passed from cities and sovereigns to the monarch and their administrative bodies at various levels. Torture was abolished. The Enlightenment had fundamentally changed the concept of law, punishment and rehabilitation. The collection of taxes was also centralised, which resulted in a great loss of importance for the local nobility and an increase in the status of the civil service. With the increasing centralisation under Maria Theresa and Joseph II, taxes and customs duties were also gradually centralised and collected by the Imperial Court Chamber. As a result, Innsbruck, like many municipalities at the time, lost a large amount of revenue, which was only partially offset by equalisation.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Innsbruck – Stadt der B\u00fcrokraten und Beamten“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Innsbruck – Stadt der B\u00fcrokraten und Beamten“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“65694″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n Innsbruck is proud of its many titles. University city, Austria's capital of sport or home to the world's best hospital. If you take a look at the list of the region's largest employers or at its history, Innsbruck is one thing above all: a city of civil servants. The university and provincial hospital are the largest single employers. However, if you add up the public servants at all levels, city, state and federal, and include the outsourced companies owned by the public sector such as \u00d6BB, TIWAG or Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe as well as teachers and the police, the civil servants are clearly in the majority. At the latest since the relocation of the royal residence under Frederick IV, civil servants have not only made up a considerable proportion of the city's population in quantitative terms, they have also determined the fate of the city in an influential, albeit inconspicuous manner. To this day, it is civil servants who keep things running smoothly. They enforce laws, take care of the planning and maintenance of infrastructure, eagerly keep records of the population in order to collect taxes and draft soldiers.<\/p>\n The first notable bureaucracy probably came with the Roman Empire<\/em>. The Romans were followed by the brothers of Wilten Abbey in the early Middle Ages. These men, who were well versed in writing, not only administered the ducal and their own estates through their Urbare and collected taxes from their peasant subjects, but also compiled baptismal registers, marriage registers and death registers. Although feudal rule required a panoramic view of what was happening within its domain, life in the city in particular was determined by the restrictions of the guilds rather than those of the authorities. There was only a superficial magistrate. There were laws but no police, taxes but no tax office. Urban infrastructure was practically non-existent, as there was no running water, electricity, sewage system, municipal kindergarten, labour office or health insurance. The municipality of Innsbruck, which was elevated to the status of a town, was governed for a long time by a municipal judge, and from the 14th century by a mayor with a municipal council. These were not full-time civil servants, but members of the city's elite. Only a few people such as tax collectors, corn measurers, clerks or tower guards were employed by the city.<\/p>\n In the 15th century, the professional world and society became more differentiated, the armies larger and the tax burdens higher. Traditional customary law was replaced by modern Roman law, which was more difficult for the uninitiated to understand. As the city grew, so did the civil service. Between the beginning of the 15th century and the reign of Leopold V, Innsbruck had developed from a trading and transport centre into a city of officials. Of the approximately 5500 inhabitants, more than half belonged to the court, the municipal civil service, the university or the clergy. The court, administration, customs, taxes, long-distance trade and finance required clerical staff. Administration had become the city's most important economic sector, ahead of crafts, transport and catering.<\/p>\n The citizens only came into contact with these foreign officials in unpleasant situations, if at all. Maximilian I tightened the reins particularly tightly. His centrally passed laws were implemented locally by the imperial districts. The salaried civil servants permeated the lives of individuals in a way that did not exist in the Middle Ages. To make matters worse, the officials often came from abroad. Italians and Burgundians in particular were in demand as key labourers, but they were alienated from the local population. Not only did they often not speak German, they could read and write, were employees and not subservient farmers. They had more money at their disposal, dressed differently, had different customs and ate different food. Unlike the ruler, they did not appeal to God, but to rules written by men and inspired by antiquity and reason. The laws changed depending on the fashions, customs and moral concepts of the time. Just as nature conservation or speed limits on motorways are repeatedly discussed today, even though they make sense, bans on spitting, disposing of the chamber pot, wooden buildings and keeping livestock within city walls were viewed critically at the time, even though they drastically improved hygiene and safety.<\/p>\n While it had long been customary for citizens to take certain liberties in the absence of the ruler\u2014whether in logging, construction, hunting, or fishing\u2014the bureaucracy was always present. Whereas the territorial prince was seen as a benevolent father of his subjects, and bishops and abbots, though strict landlords, could at least offer salvation in return, the new administrative authority appeared anonymous, aloof, faceless, foreign, and distant.\nThe basis for negotiation that a subject once had in direct contact with his lord was buried by merciless law\u2014at least if one could not pay bribes or did not know someone in a higher position. When the unconditional faith in an increasingly corrupt clergy began to crumble and Ferdinand I appointed the Spaniard Salamanca as the country\u2019s supreme financial administrator, the simmering dissatisfaction erupted into open rebellion in 1525. The subjects did not demand the deposition of the prince, but a change in the rule of the clergy and the foreign bureaucracy. Even in the 17th century, it was the head of Wilhelm Biener, the highest-ranking official in the country, that rolled\u2014not that of the sovereign.<\/p>\n Bureaucracy, the rule of the administration, also had advantages for the subjects. It established fixed rules where arbitrariness often prevailed. The law, harmonised across different territories, was more predictable. And with a bit of luck and talent, it was possible to climb the social ladder by serving the public authorities, even without belonging to the nobility. Michael Gaismair, one of the leaders of the 1525 rebellion, was the son of a mining entrepreneur and had been in the service of the provincial governor before his career as a revolutionary.<\/p>\n The next modernization of administration took place in the 18th century. Under the enlightened absolutist monarchs Maria Theresa and Joseph II, a new wind blew down to the municipal level. Innsbruck received a police force for the first time. The city administration was modernized in 1784. Instead of the old town council with its community assembly, a mayor now governed, supported by a council and above all by civil servants.\nThis magistrate consisted of salaried experts who were still largely members of the lower nobility, but who now had to qualify for office through examinations. Bureaucracy gained more power at the operational political level. While the office of mayor was limited in time, civil servants enjoyed lifelong, non-terminable positions. This tenure and a renewed surge of new laws\u2014often contradicting tradition\u2014reinforced the image of civil servants as aloof and distant from citizens.\nWhen the element of foreign rule was added with the Bavarian occupation of Tyrol\u2014modeled on French administration\u2014another uprising broke out in 1809. The mass conscription of young men for military service, regulation of religious life, and compulsory vaccination, enforced by Bavarian officials, was too much for the Tyrolean psyche.<\/p>\n After 1809, bureaucracy expanded into ever more areas of life as part of industrialization and new technologies. Not only the state through taxation and the military, but also universities, schools, construction, railways, the postal system, and institutions such as the Chamber of Trade and Commerce required administrative staff. The city grew in population and businesses alike. New infrastructure\u2014gas, sewer systems, and electricity\u2014and new ideas about hygiene, food inspection, health, and education demanded new employees in the municipal administration.\nThe old town hall in the Old Town became too small, and an extension proved impossible. In 1897, the civil servants moved into the new town hall on Maria-Theresien-Stra\u00dfe. The move was made possible by the generous donation of the industrialist and hotelier Leonhard Lang. He had converted the former Palais K\u00fcnigl into the Hotel d\u2019Autriche before the mayor and his entourage moved in.<\/p>\n When the monarchy collapsed in 1918, the transition was not seamless, but thanks to the structures in place, it was unimaginably smooth. However, it was no longer the emperor who carried the burden of the state, but a host of civil servants and guardians of order who provided water, electricity and a functioning railway network. With Eduard Klingler and Theodor Prachensky, two heads of building authorities in the first half of the 20th century left their mark on Innsbruck's cityscape, which is still clearly visible today. With agendas such as public housing, the labour office, education, urban infrastructure, road construction, public transport, registration and weddings, the Republic took over more or less all the tasks of daily life from the monarchy and the church. So for anyone who is annoyed by excessive officialdom and agonisingly slow bureaucracy on their next visit to the New Town Hall, it is worth remembering that the welfare state in the person of its civil servants manages the social welfare and public infrastructure of thousands of people from the cradle to the grave, mostly unnoticed.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Friedl mit der leeren Taschn“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Friedrich IV.: Innsbruck wird Residenzstaddt“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“53518″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n The Tyrolean Prince Frederick IV (1382 - 1439) lived during a turbulent period in Habsburg and Innsbruck history. Although the Habsburgs had been in the high nobility for some time, their power had not yet been consolidated. Frederick's face was covered with a long beard. In many chronicles and reports, he was described as arbitrary, power-hungry, deceitful and devious. Contemporaries regarded him as Sexaholic<\/em>, der im Zweifelsfall auch nicht vor Gewalt zur\u00fcckschreckte, um seinen Willen durchzusetzen. Ungew\u00f6hnlich war das allerdings nicht, betrachtet man die Biographien anderer F\u00fcrsten des ausgehenden Mittelalters. Ob geiziger Sittenstrolch oder geschickter Politiker und Freund des einfachen Mannes – die Eckdaten seines Lebens w\u00e4ren taugliches Material f\u00fcr einen abenteuerlichen Mittelalterfilm.<\/p>\n At the age of 24, Frederick took over the county of Tyrol as well as the regency of Vorder\u00f6sterreich. Vorder\u00f6sterreich? So Vorarlberg? Not quite. Vorder\u00f6sterreich was understood to mean the Habsburg possessions in Switzerland, Vorarlberg, Alsace and Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, among others. Tyrol and Vorder\u00f6sterreich had been administered jointly since Frederick as Upper Austria<\/em>. This made him one of the most powerful princes of the Heiligen R\u00f6mischen Reiches<\/em>. From the beginning of his reign, he was involved in costly wars against hostile powers on the country's borders and competition within the Heiligen R\u00f6mischen Reiches<\/em> involved. In the west, the Appenzellers rose up against the Habsburgs, in the south there was an uprising in Trento and Henry of Rottenburg instigated a feud north of the Inn. These were the last conflicts to be fought in the manner of pure knightly armies.<\/p>\n Like his predecessor Margarethe in the princely chair, Frederick also came into conflict with the Pope. In his time, there was a pope in Avignon, France, as well as a pope in Rome. This papal issue was to be resolved at the Council of Constance, perhaps the most important political event of the late Middle Ages in Europe. Frederick sided with John XXIII. The King of the Holy Roman Empire Sigismund from the Luxembourg dynasty, who backed the antipope in Avignon, had his rival within the empire, Frederick, rewarded with the Eight<\/em> and imprisoned. This meant not only deprivation of liberty and expulsion from the church, but also the loss of his territories and property. His opponents gave him the nickname Friedl mit der leeren Tasche<\/em>. Once back in Innsbruck after an adventurous escape from prison, Frederick had to grant reforms to the population, especially the landowning lesser nobility and the towns, in recognition of their support in times of great need. In addition to the clergy, the nobility and the towns, the courts, which were responsible for the administration of the rural communities, were also allowed to send their representatives to the Diet.<\/p>\n Frederick's nickname remained in the vernacular, even though at the end of his reign he was one of the richest princes in Europe of his time thanks to the rich mining wealth in Schwaz and Gossensass as well as customs duties and tolls on trade between Venice and Augsburg. The largest silver mine in Europe and the mining industry also had a lasting effect on the social structure of Innsbruck. The power of the guilds increased. Although Innsbruck was dependent on the surrounding area for food supplies, the growing prosperity of the city made it easier to manoeuvre through this time of crisis than in purely rural areas. When Frederick died, Tyrol had risen to become an important province within the Habsburg Empire thanks to the silver discoveries in Schwaz.<\/p>\n His residence also changed. Although Innsbruck had already grown, it was still a small town. Frederick decided to make the city on the Inn his residence. In 1420, he bought two town houses within the city walls. Merano had been the ancestral seat of the Counts of Tyrol and remained the official Tyrolean capital until 1849. In fact, Innsbruck had been in the lead at least since Frederick's move. It was during his reign that the arcades in Herzog-Friedrich-Stra\u00dfe were laid out and the city tower was built. Throughout Europe, the 15th century was an economically difficult time, characterised by poor harvests due to the generally worse climate than in previous periods. However, thanks to trade and the impetus provided by the relocation of the court, Innsbruck flourished against the European trend. Schwaz, Meran and Innsbruck were the centres of Tyrol. Schwaz, like Detroit in the 20th century, was a booming working-class town thanks to the silver mines, the venerable old town of Merano as the capital resembled Washington and the residential and trading city of Innsbruck became the New York of Tyrol, the centre of power at the time.<\/p>\n Along with the court, which comprised around 400 people, came officials, servants, merchants, financiers and soldiers who brought money into the city. Above all, the craft guilds were to become the economic engine and the basis for the later early industrial production. It is difficult to say what specific effect the relocation of the residence had on Innsbruck's population. However, Frederick's court brought with it a new lifestyle with its new way of doing business. Public houses opened and offered variety in everyday life. Travelling theatres and show artists came to the city. As in many European cities in German-speaking countries, urbanisation spilled over from the Italian countries and brought a specialisation of the professional world and an even greater division of labour.<\/p>\n Immigration and the rapid change in the social fabric also caused problems. The xenophobia of the superstitious, often illiterate and poorly educated population did not diminish at the same pace as conditions changed. Tensions between long-established and new citizens, craftsmen, merchants, farmers and members of the court were part of everyday life in Frederick's Innsbruck.<\/p>\n Due to his many disputes with other princes and the Pope, his wealth from customs duties and the Schwaz mines and his probably eccentric character, Frederick IV was regarded by his contemporaries as a kind of robber baron. It was only later that he received a more favourable press due to the many legends that have grown up around his person since then. He is said to have travelled the country disguised as a beggar in order to find out what the people really thought of him. From the reports commissioned by the Habsburgs from the 16th century onwards, he comes off much better. His affectionate nickname Friedl mit der leeren Tasche<\/em> carries this image of the good-natured, awkward prince of Tyrol right up to the present day.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Herzog-Friedrich-Stra\u00dfe 21<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":56498,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,37,162,49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-altstadt","category-mittelalterliches-und-fruehneuzeitliches-stadtrecht","category-burokraten-und-beamtenstadt-innsbruck","category-friedrich-iv-innsbruck-wird-residenzstadt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1761\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/56498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}