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Mandelsbergerstrasse 16<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_8405-scaled.jpeg“ alt=“Landesberufsschule Mandelsbergerstra\u00dfe \/ Tiroler Fachberufsschule“ title_text=“Landesberufsschule Mandelsbergerstra\u00dfe \/ Tiroler Fachberufsschule“ disabled_on=“on|on|on“ _builder_version=“4.27.3″ _module_preset=“default“ border_radii=“on|10px|10px|10px|10px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ disabled=“on“ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=“64965,66156,59783,59719,66157,66155″ fullwidth=“on“ admin_label=“Galerie Landesberufsschule“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ pagination_text_color=“#E09900″ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“62040″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=“1_2″ _builder_version=“4.16″ custom_padding=“|||“ global_colors_info=“{}“ custom_padding__hover=“|||“][et_pb_toggle title=“Wissenswert“ open=“on“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Landesberufsschule Mandelsbergerstra\u00dfe“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ hover_enabled=“0″ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“59727″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“ sticky_enabled=“0″]<\/p>\n
After the First World War, Wilten expanded significantly toward the west. From the late 1920s onward, the federal railway of the young Republic of Austria commissioned the construction of a row of houses along what is now Egger-Lienz-Stra\u00dfe. A major contribution to this growth was also made by the Mandelsbergerblock, opened in 1929. In this large-scale project, architect Theodor Prachensky had planned essential infrastructure such as a kindergarten\u2014similar to the Pembaurblock in Pradl\u2014but due to the economic crisis that soon followed, it was never realized.\n\nThis changed under Mayor Egon Denz, who took office in 1938. As had previously been the case in the \u201cOld Reich\u201d to the north, the new citizens of the Ostmark were now also meant to experience the care of the new regime firsthand. To relieve the already overcrowded primary school next to the planned S\u00fcdtirolersiedlung in Speckbacherstra\u00dfe, the long-awaited school was finally to be built.\n\nWilhelm Stigler (1903\u20131976), an early member of the SS and a loyal party member, was commissioned to design the new building directly opposite the Mandelsbergerblock. However, Stigler was not merely a beneficiary of the system; the talented architect had already won the competition years earlier to design the Theresienkirche on the Hungerburg, although it was never realized due to lack of funds. A representative of Tyrolean modernism, he designed several buildings in the commercial and private sphere of the Tyrolean \u201cloden kings\u201d Baur-Foradori, as well as other industrial and functional buildings that are now protected monuments.\n\nThe initial permissiveness of the Nazi regime enabled him to carry out profitable large-scale projects such as the Messerschmitt settlement in Kematen and to expand his Innsbruck architectural office to three branches. Stigler designed the school building at the Mandelsbergerblock entirely in the style of the time as a dual primary school, where boys and girls were taught in the same building but in separate sections.\n\nHowever, this project also brought him no luck. The course of the war after 1942 and the air raids on Innsbruck led to a halt in construction. After the war, the French military administration used the unfinished building as troop accommodation, while its architect Wilhelm Stigler\u2014classified as \u201cincriminated\u201d\u2014was initially imprisoned in the former concentration camp in Reichenau and later in the Ziegelstadl.\n\nIt was not until 1956 that the elongated complex, after brief renovation and adaptation, was finally dedicated to its originally intended purpose. It is striking how much the neoclassical building, with its monumental colonnade at the entrance, differs from Stigler\u2019s other works. It is probably his only design that does not follow modern architectural principles\u2014likely in order to conform to National Socialist preferences in public construction.\n\nThe artworks adorning the complex were created as part of the \u201cKunst am Bau\u201d initiative, which was introduced for public commissions from 1949 onward. Behind the arcades in the entrance area, a vividly colored mural measuring 22 meters in length and six meters in height was created by Fritz Berger (1916\u20132002) and Emmerich Kerle (1916\u20132010). Tyrol is depicted through castles and a mountain panorama, Innsbruck through city and church towers, the cathedral, and the Annas\u00e4ule. Above all, however, the painting portrays several typical professions of the 1950s. Particularly interesting are the gender roles conveyed: blacksmith, electrician, and painter are contrasted with photographer and seamstress.\n\nThe mosaic on the right-hand wall of the building shows the path from apprentice to master builder, who allows a city\u2014likely symbolizing Innsbruck\u2014to grow toward mountain peaks and the sun. The small park in front of the school, now densely covered with trees, contains the statue Maienfl\u00f6tenspieler (May Flute Player), erected in 1962 by Josef Bachlechner (1921\u20131979). In Greek mythology, the flute symbolized a longing for the past. The barefoot boy with his Maipfeiferl\u2014an instrument handmade by Tyrolean farmers and shepherds\u2014represents the desire of many survivors of the horrors of the Second World War for an intact past and an idealized Tyrolean tradition.\n\nAfter nearly two years of imprisonment, Stigler\u2019s own desire to forget his NSDAP membership\u2014he had joined as early as 1931\u2014also came true. Even during his imprisonment, he worked on plans for rebuilding the Tyrolean village of Grins, which had been destroyed by fire. In 1949, his professional ban was lifted. Together with his son Willi Stigler Jr. as a partner, he went on to create pioneering postwar projects from the 1950s onward, such as the mountain railway stations in St. Anton, the expansion of the Innsbruck market hall, and the Rhombergpassage.\n\nAfter his active career as an architect, he received several official honors. The vocational school on Mandelsbergerstra\u00dfe that he designed remains to this day an important training center for apprentices in various trades.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Kunst am Bau: Die Nachkriegszeit in Innsbruck“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Kunst am Bau: Die Nachkriegszeit “ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“59763″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n
As after World War I, housing shortages were one of the most pressing problems after 1945. Innsbruck had suffered heavy damage during air raids, and money for new construction was scarce. When the first housing complexes were built in the 1950s, thrift was the order of the day. Many of the buildings erected from the 1950s onward may be architecturally unattractive, but they contain interesting artworks. From 1949 onward, Austria implemented the \u201cArt in Architecture\u201d project (Kunst am Bau). For state-funded construction projects, 2% of total expenditures were to be allocated to artistic design. The implementation of building regulations and thus the management of budgets was, as then and now, the responsibility of the federal states. Through these public commissions, artists were to be financially supported. In the lean post-war years, even successful and practically minded artists such as Oswald Haller (1908\u20131981), who earned money with commercial graphics and tourism posters, faced difficulties.\nThe idea first appeared in 1919 in the Weimar Republic and was continued by the National Socialists from 1934 onward. Austria revived Kunst am Bau after the war to shape public spaces during reconstruction. The public sector, which replaced aristocracy and bourgeoisie as builders of previous centuries, was under massive financial pressure. Nevertheless, the primarily functional housing projects were not to appear entirely without ornamentation. Tyrolean artists entrusted with designing the artworks were selected through public competitions. The most famous among them was Max Weiler, perhaps the most prominent artist in post-war Tyrol, responsible for the frescoes in the Theresienkirche on the Hungerburg in Innsbruck. Other notable names include Helmut Rehm (1911\u20131991), Walter Honeder (1906\u20132006), Fritz Berger (1916\u20132002), and Emmerich Kerle (1916\u20132010). Many of these artists were shaped not only by the Federal Trade School in Innsbruck (today\u2019s HTL) and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna but also by the collective experience of National Socialism and the war. Fritz Berger had lost his right arm and an eye and had to learn to work with his left hand. Kerle served in Finland as a war painter and was taught at the Academy by Josef M\u00fcllner, an artist who entered art history with busts of Adolf Hitler, Siegfried from the Nibelungen saga, and the still controversial Karl Lueger monument in Vienna.\nLike much of the Tyrolean population, these artists\u2014as well as politicians and officials\u2014wanted peace and quiet after the harsh and painful war years, to let the grass grow over the events of the past decades. The works created under Kunst am Bau reflect this attitude toward a new moral order. It was the first time abstract, formless art entered Innsbruck\u2019s public space, albeit only in an uncritical context. Fairy tales, legends, and religious symbols were popular motifs immortalized in sgraffitos, mosaics, murals, and statues. One could speak of a kind of second wave of Biedermeier art, symbolizing the petty-bourgeois lifestyle of people after the war. Art was also intended to create a new awareness and image of what was considered typically Austrian. As late as 1955, every second Austrian still regarded themselves as German. The various motifs depict leisure activities, clothing styles, and notions of social order and norms of the post-war era. Women were often shown in traditional dress and dirndls, men in lederhosen. Conservative ideals of gender roles were reflected in the art: hardworking fathers, dutiful wives caring for home and hearth, and children diligently learning at school were the ideal image well into the 1970s\u2014a life like in a Peter Alexander film.\nThose who walk attentively through the city will find many of these still-visible artworks on houses in Pradl and Wilten. The mix of unremarkable architecture and contemporary artworks from the often-suppressed, long-idealized post-war era is worth seeing. Particularly beautiful examples can be found on fa\u00e7ades in Pacherstra\u00dfe, Hunoldstra\u00dfe, Ing.-Thommenstra\u00dfe, Innrain, at the Landesberufsschule Mandelsbergerstra\u00dfe, or in the courtyard between Landhausplatz and Maria-Theresien-Stra\u00dfe.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Auferstanden aus Ruinen“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Auferstanden aus Ruinen die Nachkriegszeit in Innsbruck“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“63476″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n
Nach Kriegsende kontrollierten US-Truppen f\u00fcr zwei Monate Tirol. Anschlie\u00dfend \u00fcbernahm die Siegermacht Frankreich die Verwaltung. Den Tirolern blieb die sowjetische Besatzung, die \u00fcber Ost\u00f6sterreich hereinbrach, erspart. Besonders in den ersten drei Nachkriegsjahren war der Hunger der gr\u00f6\u00dfte Feind der Menschen. Der Mai 1945 brachte nicht nur das Kriegsende, sondern auch Schnee. Der Winter 1946\/47 ging als besonders kalt und lang in die Tiroler Klimageschichte ein, der Sommer als besonders hei\u00df und trocken. Es kam zu Ernteausf\u00e4llen von bis zu 50%. Die Versorgungslage war vor allem in der Stadt in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit katastrophal. Die t\u00e4gliche Nahrungsmittelbeschaffung wurde zur lebensgef\u00e4hrlichen Sorge im Alltag der Innsbrucker. Neben den eigenen B\u00fcrgern mussten auch tausende von Displaced Persons<\/em>The Tyrolean government had to feed a large number of people, freed forced labourers and occupying soldiers. To accomplish this task, the Tyrolean provincial government had to rely on outside help. The chairman of the UNRRA (Note: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration<\/em>), which supplied war zones with essentials, Fiorello La Guardia counted Austria \"to those peoples of the world who are closest to starvation.<\/em>\" Milk, bread, eggs, sugar, flour, fat - there was too little of everything. The French occupation was unable to meet the demand for the required kilocalories per capita, as the local population and the emergency services often lacked supplies. Until 1946, they even took goods from the Tyrolean economy.<\/p>\n Die Lebensmittelversorgung erfolgte schon wenige Wochen nach Kriegsende \u00fcber Lebensmittelkarten. Erwachsene mussten eine Best\u00e4tigung des Arbeitsamtes vorlegen, um an diese Karten zu kommen. Die Rationen unterschieden sich je nach Kategorie der Arbeiter. Schwerstarbeiter, Schwangere und stillende M\u00fctter erhielten Lebensmittel im \u201eWert\u201c von 2700 Kalorien. Handwerker mit leichten Berufen, Beamte und Freiberufler erhielten 1850 Kilokalorien, Angestellte 1450 Kalorien. Hausfrauen und andere \u201eNormalverbraucher\u201c konnten nur 1200 Kalorien beziehen. Zus\u00e4tzlich gab es Initiativen wie Volksk\u00fcchen oder Ausspeisungen f\u00fcr Schulkinder, die von ausl\u00e4ndischen Hilfsorganisationen \u00fcbernommen wurden. Aus Amerika kamen Carepakete von der Wohlfahrtsorganisation Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe<\/em>. Many children were sent to foster homes in Switzerland in the summer to regain their strength and put a few extra kilos on their ribs.<\/p>\n However, all these measures were not enough for everyone. Housewives and other \"normal consumers\" in particular suffered from the low allocations. Despite the risk of being arrested, many Innsbruck residents travelled to the surrounding villages to hoard. Those who had money paid sometimes utopian prices to the farmers. Those who had none had to beg for food. In extreme cases, women whose husbands had been killed, captured or were missing saw no other way out than to prostitute themselves. These women, especially the unfortunate ones who became pregnant, had to endure the worst abuse for themselves and their offspring. Austria was still 30 years away from legalised abortion.<\/p>\n Politicians were largely powerless in the face of this. Even in normal times, it was impossible to pacify all interests. Many decisions between the parliament in Vienna, the Tyrolean provincial parliament and Innsbruck town hall were incomprehensible to the people. While children had to do without fruit and vitamins, some farmers legally distilled profitable schnapps. Official buildings and commercial enterprises were given free rein by the Innsbruck electricity company, while private households were restricted access to electricity at several times of the day from October 1945. The same disadvantage for households compared to businesses applied to the supply of coal. The old rifts between town and country grew wider and more hateful. Innsbruckers accused the surrounding population of deliberately withholding food for the black market. There were robberies, thefts and woodcutting. Transports at the railway station were guarded by armed units. Obtaining food from a camp was both illegal and commonplace. Children and young people roamed the city hungry and took every opportunity to get something to eat or fuel. The first Tyrolean governor Gruber, himself an illegal member of the resistance during the war, understood the situation of the people who rebelled against the system, but was unable to do anything about it. The mayor of Innsbruck, Anton Melzer, also had his hands tied. Not only was it difficult to reconcile the needs of all interest groups, there were repeated cases of corruption and favours to relatives and acquaintances among the civil servants. Gruber's successor in the provincial governor's chair, Alfons Wei\u00dfgatterer, had to survive several small riots when popular anger was vented and stones were thrown in the direction of the Landhaus. Tiroler Tageszeitung<\/em>. The paper was founded in 1945 under the administration of the US armed forces for the purposes of democratisation and denazification, but was transferred the following year to Schl\u00fcssel GmbH under the management of \u00d6VP politician Joseph Moser. Thanks to the high circulation and its almost direct influence on the content, the Tyrolean provincial government was able to steer the public mood:<\/p>\n \u201eAre the broken windows that clattered from the country house into the street yesterday suitable arguments to prove our will to rebuild? Shouldn't we remember that economic difficulties have never been resolved by demonstrations and rallies in any country?<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n The housing situation was at least as bad. An estimated 30,000 Innsbruck residents were homeless, living in cramped conditions with relatives or in shanty towns such as the former labour camp in Reichenau, the shanty town for displaced persons from the former German territories of Europe, popularly known as the \"Ausl\u00e4nderlager\", or the \"Ausl\u00e4nderlager\". Bocksiedlung<\/em>. Weniges erinnert noch an den desastr\u00f6sen Zustand, in dem sich Innsbruck nach den Luftangriffen der letzten Kriegsjahre in den ersten Nachkriegsjahren befand. Zehntausende B\u00fcrger halfen mit, Schutt und Tr\u00fcmmer von den Stra\u00dfen zu schaffen. Die Maria-Theresien-Stra\u00dfe, die Museumstra\u00dfe, das Bahnhofsviertel, Wilten oder die Pradlerstra\u00dfe w\u00e4ren wohl um einiges ansehnlicher, h\u00e4tte man nicht die L\u00f6cher im Stra\u00dfenbild schnell stopfen m\u00fcssen, um so schnell als m\u00f6glich Wohnraum f\u00fcr die vielen Obdachlosen und R\u00fcckkehrer zu schaffen. \u00c4sthetik aber war ein Luxus, den man sich in dieser Situation nicht leisten konnte. Die ausgezehrte Bev\u00f6lkerung ben\u00f6tigte neuen Wohnraum, um den gesundheitssch\u00e4dlichen Lebensbedingungen, in denen Gro\u00dffamilien teils in Einraumwohnungen einquartiert waren, zu entfliehen.<\/p>\n \"The emergency situation jeopardises the comfort of the home. It eats away at the roots of joie de vivre. No one suffers more than the woman whose happiness is to see a contented, cosy family circle around her. What a strain on mental strength is required by the daily gruelling struggle for a little shopping, the hardship of queuing, the disappointment of rejections and refusals and the look of discouragement on the faces of loved ones tormented by deprivation.\"<\/em><\/p>\n What is in the Tiroler Tageszeitung<\/em> was only part of the harsh reality of everyday life. As after the First World War, when the Spanish flu claimed many victims, there was also an increase in dangerous infections in 1945. Vaccines against tuberculosis could not be delivered in the first winter. Hospital beds were also in short supply. Even though the situation eased after 1947, living conditions in Tyrol remained precarious. It took years before there were any noticeable improvements. Food rationing was discontinued on 1 July 1953. In the same year, Mayor Greiter was able to announce that all the buildings destroyed during the air raids had been repaired.<\/p>\n Zu verdanken war dies auch den Besatzern. Die franz\u00f6sischen Truppen unter Emile Bethouart verhielten sich sehr milde und kooperativ gegen\u00fcber dem ehemaligen Feind und begegneten der Tiroler Kultur und Bev\u00f6lkerung freundlich und aufgeschlossen. Stand man der Besatzungsmacht anfangs feindlich gesinnt gegen\u00fcber – schon wieder war ein Krieg verloren gegangen – wich die Skepsis der Innsbrucker mit der Zeit. Die Soldaten waren vor allem bei den Kindern beliebt wegen der Schokoladen und S\u00fc\u00dfigkeiten, die sie verteilten. Viele Menschen erhielten innerhalb der franz\u00f6sischen Verwaltung Arbeit. Manch ein Tiroler sah dank der Uniformierten of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division<\/em>, die bis September 1945 den Gro\u00dfteil der Soldaten stellten, zum ersten Mal dunkelh\u00e4utige Menschen. Die Besatzer stellten, soweit dies in ihren M\u00f6glichkeiten lag, auch die Versorgung sicher. Zeitzeugen erinnern sich mit Grauen an die Konservendosen, die sie als Hauptnahrungsmittel erhielten. Um die Logistik zu erleichtern legten die Franzosen bereits 1946 den Grundstein f\u00fcr den neuen Flughafen auf der Ulfiswiese<\/em> in der H\u00f6ttinger Au, der den 20 Jahre zuvor er\u00f6ffneten in der Reichenau nach zwei Jahren Bauzeit ersetzte. Das Franzosendenkmal am Landhausplatz erinnert an die franz\u00f6sische Besatzungszeit. Am Emile Bethouart footbridge<\/em>The memorial plaque on the river Inn, which connects St. Nikolaus and the city centre, is a good expression of the relationship between the occupation and the population:<\/p>\n \"Arrived as a winner.<\/em><\/p>\n Remained as a protector.<\/em><\/p>\n Returned home as a friend.\"<\/em><\/p>\n In addition to material hardship, society was characterised by the collective trauma of war. The adults of the 1950s were products of the education of the interwar period and National Socialism. Men who had fought at the front could only talk about their horrific experiences in certain circles as war losers; women usually had no forum at all to process their fears and worries. Domestic violence and alcoholism were widespread. Teachers, police officers, politicians and civil servants often came from National Socialist supporters, who did not simply disappear with the end of the war, but were merely hushed up in public. On Innsbruck People's Court<\/em> Although there were a large number of trials against National Socialists under the direction of the victorious powers, the number of convictions did not reflect the extent of what had happened. The majority of those accused went free. Particularly incriminated representatives of the system were sent to prison for some time, but were able to resume their old lives relatively undisturbed after serving their sentences, at least professionally. It was not just a question of drawing a line under the past decades; yesterday's perpetrators were needed to keep today's society running.<\/p>\n The problem with this strategy of suppression was that no one took responsibility for what had happened, even if there was great enthusiasm and support for National Socialism, especially at the beginning. There was hardly a family that did not have at least one member with a less than glorious history between 1933 and 1945. Shame about what had happened since 1938 and in Austria's politics over the years was mixed with the fear of being treated as a war culprit by the occupying powers of the USA, Great Britain, France and the USSR in a similar way to 1918. A climate arose in which no one, neither those involved nor the following generation, spoke about what had happened. For a long time, this attitude prevented people from coming to terms with what had happened since 1933. The myth of Austria as the first victim of National Socialism, which only began to slowly crumble with the Waldheim affair in the 1980s, was born. Police officers, teachers, judges - they were all left in their jobs despite their political views. Society needed them to keep going.<\/p>\n An example of the generously spread cloak of oblivion with a strong connection to Innsbruck is the life of the doctor Burghard Breitner (1884-1956). Breitner grew up in a well-to-do middle-class household. The Villa Breitner<\/em> at Mattsee was home to a museum about the German nationalist poet Josef Viktor Scheffel, who was honoured by his father. After graduating from high school, Breitner decided against a career in literature in favour of studying medicine. He then decided to do his military service and began his career as a doctor. In 1912\/13 he served as a military doctor in the Balkan War. In 1914, he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he was taken prisoner of war by the Russians. As a doctor, he sacrificially cared for his comrades in the prison camp. It was not until 1920 that he was recognised as a hero and \"Angel of Siberia<\/em>\" returned to Austria from the prison camp. In 1932, he began his career at the University of Innsbruck. In 1938, Breitner was faced with the problem that, due to his paternal grandmother's Jewish background, he had to take the \"Great Aryan proof<\/em>\" could not provide. However, thanks to his good relationship with the Rector of Innsbruck University and important National Socialists, he was ultimately able to continue working at the university hospital. During the Nazi regime, Breitner was responsible for forced sterilisations and \"Voluntary emasculation<\/em>\", even though he probably did not personally carry out any of the operations. After the war, the \"Angel of Siberia\" managed to wriggle through the denazification process with some difficulty. In 1951, he was nominated as a candidate for the VDU<\/em>a political rallying point for staunch National Socialists, as a candidate for the federal presidential election. Breitner became Rector of the University of Innsbruck in 1952. After his death, the city of Innsbruck dedicated a grave of honour to him at Innsbruck West Cemetery. In Reichenau, a street is dedicated to him in the immediate vicinity of the site of the former concentration camp.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=“Eine Republik entsteht“ open_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ open_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ closed_toggle_text_color=“#e09900″ closed_toggle_background_color=“#ffffff“ icon_color=“#e09900″ open_icon_color=“#e09900″ admin_label=“Eine Erste Republik entsteht“ _builder_version=“4.27.4″ _module_preset=“default“ title_text_color=“#e09900″ title_font_size=“18px“ border_radii=“on|5px|5px|5px|5px“ box_shadow_style=“preset1″ global_module=“62863″ saved_tabs=“all“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n Few eras are more difficult to grasp than the interwar period. The Roaring Twenties<\/em>Jazz and automobiles come to mind, as do inflation and the economic crisis. In big cities like Berlin, young ladies behaved as Flappers<\/em> mit Bubikopf, Zigarette und kurzen R\u00f6cken zu den neuen Kl\u00e4ngen lasziv, Innsbrucks Bev\u00f6lkerung geh\u00f6rte als Teil der jungen Republik \u00d6sterreich zum gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil zur Fraktion Armut, Wirtschaftskrise und politischer Polarisierung. Schon die Ausrufung der Republik am Parlament in Wien vor \u00fcber 100.000 mehr oder minder begeisterten, vor allem aber verunsicherten Menschen verlief mit Tumulten, Schie\u00dfereien, zwei Toten und 40 Verletzten alles andere als reibungsfrei. Wie es nach dem Ende der Monarchie und dem Wegfall eines gro\u00dfen Teils des Staatsterritoriums weitergehen sollte, wusste niemand. Das neue \u00d6sterreich erschien zu klein und nicht lebensf\u00e4hig. Der Beamtenstaat des k.u.k. Reiches setzte sich nahtlos unter neuer Fahne und Namen durch. Die Bundesl\u00e4nder als Nachfolger der alten Kronl\u00e4nder erhielten in der Verfassung im Rahmen des F\u00f6deralismus viel Spielraum in Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung. Die Begeisterung f\u00fcr den neuen Staat hielt sich aber in der Bev\u00f6lkerung in Grenzen. Nicht nur, dass die Versorgungslage nach dem Wegfall des allergr\u00f6\u00dften Teils des ehemaligen Riesenreiches der Habsburger miserabel war, die Menschen misstrauten dem Grundgedanken der Republik. Die Monarchie war nicht perfekt gewesen, mit dem Gedanken von Demokratie konnten aber nur die allerwenigsten etwas anfangen. Anstatt Untertan des Kaisers war man nun zwar B\u00fcrger, allerdings nur B\u00fcrger eines Zwergstaates mit \u00fcberdimensionierter und in den Bundesl\u00e4ndern wenig geliebter Hauptstadt anstatt eines gro\u00dfen Reiches. In den ehemaligen Kronl\u00e4ndern, die zum gro\u00dfen Teil christlich-sozial regiert wurden, sprach man gerne vom Viennese water head<\/em>who was fed by the yields of the industrious rural population.<\/p>\n Other federal states also toyed with the idea of seceding from the Republic after the plan to join Germany, which was supported by all parties, was prohibited by the victorious powers of the First World War. The Tyrolean plans, however, were particularly spectacular. From a neutral Alpine state with other federal states, a free state consisting of Tyrol and Bavaria or from Kufstein to Salurn, an annexation to Switzerland and even a Catholic church state under papal leadership, there were many ideas. The most obvious solution was particularly popular. In Tyrol, feeling German was nothing new. So why not align oneself politically with the big brother in the north? This desire was particularly pronounced among urban elites and students. The annexation to Germany was approved by 98% in a vote in Tyrol, but never materialised.<\/p>\n Instead of becoming part of Germany, they were subject to the unloved Wallschen<\/em>. Italian troops occupied Innsbruck for almost two years after the end of the war. At the peace negotiations in Paris, the Brenner Pass was declared the new border. The historic Tyrol was divided in two. The military was stationed at the Brenner Pass to secure a border that had never existed before and was perceived as unnatural and unjust. In 1924, the Innsbruck municipal council decided to name squares and streets around the main railway station after South Tyrolean towns. Bozner Platz, Brixnerstrasse and Salurnerstrasse still bear their names today. Many people on both sides of the Brenner felt betrayed. Although the war was far from won, they did not see themselves as losers to Italy. Hatred of Italians reached its peak in the interwar period, even if the occupying troops were emphatically lenient. A passage from the short story collection \"The front above the peaks<\/em>\" by the National Socialist author Karl Springenschmid from the 1930s reflects the general mood:<\/p>\n \"The young girl says, 'Becoming Italian would be the worst thing. <\/em><\/p>\n Old Tappeiner just nods and grumbles: \"I know it myself and we all know it: becoming a whale would be the worst thing.\"<\/em><\/p>\n Trouble also loomed in domestic politics. The revolution in Russia and the ensuing civil war with millions of deaths, expropriation and a complete reversal of the system cast its long shadow all the way to Austria. The prospect of Soviet conditions<\/em> machte den Menschen Angst. \u00d6sterreich war tief gespalten. Hauptstadt und Bundesl\u00e4nder, Stadt und Land, B\u00fcrger, Arbeiter und Bauern \u2013 im Vakuum der ersten Nachkriegsjahre wollte jede Gruppe die Zukunft nach ihren Vorstellungen gestalten. Die Kulturk\u00e4mpfe der sp\u00e4ten Monarchie zwischen Konservativen, Liberalen und Sozialisten setzte sich nahtlos fort. Die Kluft bestand nicht nur auf politischer Ebene. Moral, Familie, Freizeitgestaltung, Erziehung, Glaube, Rechtsverst\u00e4ndnis \u2013 jeder Lebensbereich war betroffen. Wer sollte regieren? Wie sollten Verm\u00f6gen, Rechte und Pflichten verteilt werden. Ein kommunistischer Umsturz war besonders in Tirol keine reale Gefahr, lie\u00df sich aber medial gut als Bedrohung instrumentalisieren, um die Sozialdemokratie in Verruf zu bringen. 1919 hatte sich in Innsbruck zwar ein Workers', farmers' and soldiers' council <\/em>nach sowjetischem Vorbild ausgerufen, sein Einfluss blieb aber gering und wurde von keiner Partei unterst\u00fctzt. Ab 1920 bildeten sich offiziell sogenannten Soldatenr\u00e4te, die aber christlich-sozial dominiert waren. Das b\u00e4uerliche und b\u00fcrgerliche Lager rechts der Mitte militarisierte sich mit der Tiroler Heimatwehr<\/em> professioneller und konnte sich \u00fcber st\u00e4rkeren Zulauf freuen als linke Gruppen, auch dank kirchlicher Unterst\u00fctzung. Die Sozialdemokratie wurde von den Kirchkanzeln herab und in konservativen Medien als Jewish Party<\/em> and homeless traitors to their country. They were all too readily blamed for the lost war and its consequences. The Tiroler Anzeiger summarised the people's fears in a nutshell: \"Woe to the Christian people if the Jews=Socialists win the elections!\"<\/em>.<\/p>\n With the new municipal council regulations of 1919, which provided for universal suffrage for all adults, the Innsbruck municipal council comprised 40 members. Of the 24,644 citizens called to the ballot box, an incredible 24,060 exercised their right to vote. Three women were already represented in the first municipal council with free elections. While in the rural districts the Tyrolean People's Party<\/em> as a merger of Farmers' Union<\/em>, People's Association<\/em> und Catholic Labour<\/em> Despite the strong headwinds in Innsbruck, the Social Democrats under the leadership of Martin Rapoldi were always able to win between 30 and 50% of the vote in the first elections in 1919. The fact that the Social Democrats did not succeed in winning the mayor's seat was due to the majorities in the municipal council formed by alliances with other parties. Liberals and Tyrolean People's Party<\/em> was at least as hostile to social democracy as he was to the federal capital Vienna and the Italian occupiers.<\/p>\n But high politics was only the framework of the actual misery. The as Spanish flu<\/em> This epidemic, which has gone down in history, also took its toll in Innsbruck in the years following the war. Exact figures were not recorded, but the number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 27 - 50 million. In Innsbruck, at the height of the Spanish flu epidemic, it is estimated that around 100 people fell victim to the disease every day. Many Innsbruck residents had not returned home from the battlefields and were missing as fathers, husbands and labourers. Many of those who had made it back were wounded and scarred by the horrors of war. As late as February 1920, the \u201eTyrolean Committee of the Siberians\"<\/em> im Gasthof Brein\u00f6\u00dfl<\/em> \"...in favour of the fund for the repatriation of our prisoners of war...<\/em>\" organised a charity evening. Long after the war, the province of Tyrol still needed help from abroad to feed the population. Under the heading \"Significant expansion of the American children's aid programme in Tyrol<\/em>\" was published on 9 April 1921 in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten<\/em> to read: \"Taking into account the needs of the province of Tyrol, the American representatives for Austria have most generously increased the daily number of meals to 18,000 portions<\/em>.\u201c<\/p>\n Then there was unemployment. Civil servants and public sector employees in particular lost their jobs after the League of Nations linked its loan to severe austerity measures. Salaries in the public sector were cut. There were repeated strikes. Tourism as an economic factor was non-existent due to the problems in the neighbouring countries, which were also shaken by the war. The construction industry, which had been booming before the war, collapsed completely. Innsbruck's largest company Huter & S\u00f6hne<\/em> hatte 1913 \u00fcber 700 Mitarbeiter, am H\u00f6hepunkt der Wirtschaftskrise 1933 waren es nur noch 18. Der Mittelstand brach zu einem guten Teil zusammen. Der durchschnittliche Innsbrucker war mittellos und mangelern\u00e4hrt. Oft konnten nicht mehr als 800 Kalorien pro Tag zusammengekratzt werden. Die Kriminalit\u00e4tsrate war in diesem Klima der Armut h\u00f6her als je zuvor. Viele Menschen verloren ihre Bleibe. 1922 waren in Innsbruck 3000 Familien auf Wohnungssuche trotz eines st\u00e4dtischen Notwohnungsprogrammes, das bereits mehrere Jahre in Kraft war. In alle verf\u00fcgbaren Objekte wurden Wohnungen gebaut. Am 11. Februar 1921 fand sich in einer langen Liste in den Innsbrucker Nachrichten<\/em> on the individual projects that were run, including this item:<\/p>\n \u201eThe municipal hospital abandoned the epidemic barracks in Pradl and made them available to the municipality for the construction of emergency flats. The necessary loan of 295 K (note: crowns) was approved for the construction of 7 emergency flats.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n Very little happened in the first few years. Then politics awoke from its lethargy. The crown, a relic from the monarchy, was replaced by the schilling as Austria's official currency on 1 January 1925. The old currency had lost more than 95% of its value against the dollar between 1918 and 1922, or the pre-war exchange rate. Innsbruck, like many other Austrian municipalities, began to print its own money. The amount of money in circulation rose from 12 billion crowns to over 3 trillion crowns between 1920 and 1922. The result was an epochal inflation.<\/p>\n With the currency reorganisation following the League of Nations loan under Chancellor Ignaz Seipel, not only banks and citizens picked themselves up, but public building contracts also increased again. Innsbruck modernised itself. There was what economists call a false boom. This short-lived economic recovery was a Bubble,<\/em> However, the city of Innsbruck was awarded major projects such as the Tivoli, the municipal indoor swimming pool, the high road to the Hungerburg, the mountain railways to the Isel and the Nordkette, new schools and apartment blocks. The town bought Lake Achensee and, as the main shareholder of TIWAG, built the power station in Jenbach. The first airport was built in Reichenau in 1925, which also involved Innsbruck in air traffic 65 years after the opening of the railway line. In 1930, the university bridge connected the hospital in Wilten and the H\u00f6ttinger Au. The Pembaur Bridge and the Prince Eugene Bridge were built on the River Sill. The signature of the new, large mass parties in the design of these projects cannot be overlooked.<\/p>\n The first republic was a difficult birth from the remnants of the former monarchy and it was not to last long. Despite the post-war problems, however, a lot of positive things also happened in the First Republic. Subjects became citizens. What began in the time of Maria Theresa was now continued under new auspices. The change from subject to citizen was characterised not only by a new right to vote, but above all by the increased care of the state. State regulations, schools, kindergartens, labour offices, hospitals and municipal housing estates replaced the benevolence of the landlord, sovereigns, wealthy citizens, the monarchy and the church.<\/p>\n To this day, much of the Austrian state and Innsbruck's cityscape and infrastructure are based on what emerged after the collapse of the monarchy. In Innsbruck, there are no conscious memorials to the emergence of the First Republic in Austria. The listed residential complexes such as the Slaughterhouse block<\/em>the Pembaurblock<\/em> or the Mandelsbergerblock<\/em> oder die Pembaur School<\/em> are contemporary witnesses turned to stone. Every year since 1925, World Savings Day has commemorated the introduction of the schilling. Children and adults should be educated to handle money responsibly.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Mandelsbergerstrasse 16<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64965,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[154,153,67,120,87],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59724","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-auferstanden-aus-ruinen-die-nachkriegszeit-in-innsbruck","category-eine-erste-republik-entsteht","category-innsbruck-und-der-nationalsozialismus","category-kunst-am-bau-die-nachkriegszeit","category-wilten-sieglanger"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59724","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59724"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59724\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64965"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59724"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59724"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.discover-innsbruck.at\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59724"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}