Villa Epp
Hunoldstraße 10
Worth knowing
Innsbrucks einziges bis heute erhaltenes Steinhaus was planned in 1885 by Josef Nigler for the Innsbruck industrialist Alois Epp (1845 - 1896). Where only the listed Villa Epp stands today, there used to be a whole ensemble of buildings. Alois Epp's residence was adjoined by his soap factory and canteen for the workers. In the Wilhelminian era, it was not unusual for the owner of the factory to live close to the production site. The situation was similar at the Weyrer factory, which was built during the same period in what is now Mühlau. The villa in the form of a rough stone block is slightly protected from the road by a tree, the façade to the north is wildly overgrown. The villa looks like the setting for a creepy house. Although the building was badly damaged in an air raid, it was rebuilt 1:1 in the style of a Renaissance palazzo. Even the original material, the tuff stone blocks, were procured from the demolished fortress in Kufstein.
At least as interesting as the building is the history of its owner's family, which is closely linked to 19th century Innsbruck. Alois' father Joseph Epp (1810 - 1878) ran a soap boiling business in Innsbruck, where candles and oil lamps were produced alongside soaps. In 1851, when Alois was six years old, his father was sentenced to several years in prison for counterfeiting money. He wanted to use the sensational crime to reorganise the ailing factory. After completing his schooling in Merano and Innsbruck, Alois went to Stuttgart in 1861 to learn the trade needed to take over his father's soap factory. Back in Tyrol, he began to contribute new ideas to the newly opened soap factory. Together with the cotton spinning mill and the gas works, the company was the main driving force behind the growth of the Pradl district in the 19th century.
The times were just as turbulent as Epp's character and he did not stay in Innsbruck for long. In 1866, he took part in the Italian campaign of the Imperial and Royal Army with the Innsbruck Rifle Company. Army in Cusano, in which the Austrian Empire had to surrender the majority of its Italian possessions despite victorious battles. Epp was wounded in the fighting. After his return from the war, he joined the volunteer fire brigade and was instrumental in establishing the provincial fire brigade association and setting up a fund for injured firefighters. In 1873, Epp published the book "Über Feuerlöschwesen". However, internal disputes led him to withdraw from the association.
In the same year, there was an economic crisis in Europe, the so-called "Gründerkrach", which also severely affected companies in Innsbruck. The Epp´sche Seifenfabrik But even this difficulty was overcome thanks to Epp's innovative creations such as the fragrances König Laurins Rosengarten survive.
In 1885, Epp returned to the ranks of the Floriani disciples, but this time with political backing. In the meantime, he was not only the owner of the soap factory and an important employer in Pradl, but also a member of the Innsbruck municipal council, which was orientated towards Greater Germany. In 1890, the father of six children was appointed chairman of the Deutsch-Tirolischen Feuerwehr was elected. Innsbruck was given a professional fire brigade in 1899 under Wilhelm Greil.
Epp died aged just 51, probably due to his immense workload for the factory, politics and family. The perfumery Nägele&Strubell in der Schlossergasse, geht zurück auf die Parfümerie Epp, die als Handelsniederlassung für die Waren aus der Fabrik diente.
1796 - 1866: Vom Herzen Jesu bis Königgrätz
The period between the French Revolution and the Battle of Königgrätz in 1866 was a period of war. The monarchies of Europe, led by the Habsburgs, had declared war on the French Republic. Fears were rife that the motto of the Revolution "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" could spread across Europe. A young general named Napoleon Bonaparte was with his italienischen Armee advanced across the Alps as part of the coalition wars and met the Austrian troops there. It was not just a war for territory and power, it was a battle of systems. The Grande Armee of the revolutionary French Republic met the arch-Catholic Habsburgs.
Tyrolean riflemen were involved in the fighting to defend the country's borders against the invading French. Companies such as the Höttinger Schützen, founded in 1796, faced the most advanced and best army in the world at the time. The Cult of the Sacred Heart, which still enjoys great popularity in Tyrol today, dates back to this time. In a hopeless situation, the Tyrolean troops renewed their covenant with the heart of Jesus to ask for protection. It was the abbot of Stams Monastery who petitioned the provincial estates to henceforth organise an annual "das Fest des göttlichen Herzens Jesu mit feierlichem Gottesdienst zu begehen, wenn Tirol von der drohenden Feindesgefahr befreit werde." Every year, the Sacred Heart celebrations were discussed and announced with great pomp in the press. Particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, they were an explosive mixture of popular superstition, Catholicism and national resentment against everything French and Italian. Alongside Cranach's Mother of Mercy, the depiction of the heart of Jesus is probably the most popular Christian motif in the Tyrolean region to this day and is emblazoned on the façades of countless houses.
In the war years of 1848, 1859 and 1866, the so-called Italian wars of unification. In the course of the 19th century, at the latest since 1848, there was a veritable national frenzy among young men. Volunteer armies sprang up in all regions of Europe. Students and academics who came together in their associations, gymnasts, marksmen, all wanted to prove their new love of the nation on the battlefield and supported the official armies. Probably the most famous battle of the Wars of unification took place in Solferino near Lake Garda in 1859. Horrified by the bloody events, Henry Durant decided to found the Red Cross. The writer Joseph Roth described the events in the first pages of his classic book, which is well worth reading Radetzkymarsch.
"In the battle of Solferino, he (note: Lieutenant Trotta) commanded a platoon as an infantry lieutenant. The battle had been going on for half an hour. Three paces in front of him he saw the white backs of his soldiers. The first row of his platoon was kneeling, the second was standing. Everyone was cheerful and certain of victory. They had eaten copiously and drunk brandy at the expense and in honour of the emperor, who had been in the field since yesterday. Here and there one fell out of line."
As a garrison town, Innsbruck was an important supply centre. After the Congress of Vienna, the Tyrolean Jägerkorps the k.k. Tiroler Kaiserjägerregiment an elite unit that was deployed in these conflicts. Volunteer units such as the Innsbruck academics or the Stubai Riflemen were fighting in Italy. The media fuelled the atmosphere away from the front line. The "Innsbrucker Zeitung" predigte in ihren Artikeln Kaisertreue und großdeutsch-tirolischen Nationalismus, wetterte gegen das Italienertum und Franzosen und pries den Mut Tiroler Soldaten.
"Die starke Besetzung der Höhen am Ausgange des Valsugana bei Primolano und le Tezze gab schon oft den Innsbrucker-Akademikern I. und den Stubaiern Anlaß, freiwillige Ercur:sionen gegen le Tezze, Fonzago und Fastro, als auch auf das rechte Brenta-Ufer und den Höhen gegen die kleinen Lager von den Sette comuni zu machen...Am 19. schon haben die Stubaier einige Feinde niedergestreckt, als sie sich das erste mal hinunterwagten, indem sie sich ihnen entgegenschlichen..."
The year 1866 was particularly costly for the Austrian Empire, with the loss of Veneto and Lombardy in Italy. At the same time, Prussia took the lead in the German Confederation, the successor organisation to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. For Innsbruck, the withdrawal of the Habsburg Monarchy from the German Confederation meant that it had finally become a city on the western periphery of the empire. The tendency towards so-called Großdeutschen LösungThe German question, i.e. statehood together with the German Empire instead of the independent Austrian Empire, was more pronounced in Innsbruck than in the rest of the country. The extent to which this German question divided the city became apparent over 30 years later, when the Innsbruck municipal council voted in favour of the Iron Chancellor Bismarck, who was responsible for the fratricidal war between Austria and Germany, wanted to dedicate a street to him. While conservatives loyal to the emperor were horrified by this proposal, the Greater German liberals around Mayor Wilhelm Greil were delighted by this gesture of unification.
However, the national aspirations of the individual ethnic groups did not stop at Tyrol in an idealistic sense, as the Trentino region between Salurn and Riva on Lake Garda also included an Italian-speaking part of the country. In the Tyrolean state parliament, Italian-speaking members of parliament called for so-called Irredentistsmore rights and autonomy for what was then South Tyrol. In Innsbruck, there were repeated tensions and clashes between Italian and German-speaking students. The WallschenThis term for Italians persists to this day and they were considered dishonourable, unreliable and lazy.
With the Tummelplatz, the Pradl military cemetery and the Kaiserjägermuseum on Mount Isel, Innsbruck has several places of remembrance of this time of great loss for the Habsburgs.
Wilhelm Greil: DER Bürgermeister Innsbrucks
One of the most important figures in the town's history was Wilhelm Greil (1850 - 1923). From 1896 to 1923, the businessman held the office of mayor, having previously helped to shape the fortunes of the town as deputy mayor. In politics, the second half of the 19th century was characterised by the struggle between liberal and conservative forces. Unlike in the rest of Tyrol, the conservatives had a hard time in Innsbruck, whose population had been breathing in the liberal morning air since the Napoleonic era. Each side not only had politicians, but also associations and their own newspapers. Taxes, social policy, education, housing and the organisation of public space were discussed with passion and zeal. Due to an electoral system based on voting rights via property classes, only around 10% of the entire population of Innsbruck could go to the ballot box. Relative suffrage applied within the three electoral bodies, which means as much as: The winner takes it all. Mass parties such as the Social Democrats were unable to assert themselves until the electoral law reform of the First Republic. Mayors like Greil could rely on 100% support in the municipal council, which naturally made decision-making and steering much easier.
Greil belonged to the "Deutschen Volkspartei", a liberal and national-Great German party. What appears to us today as a contradiction, liberal and national, was a politically common and well-functioning pair of ideas in the 19th century. Pan-Germanism was not a political peculiarity of a radical right-wing minority, but rather a centrist trend, particularly in German-speaking cities of the Reich, which was important in varying forms through almost all parties until after the Second World War. Whoever issues the liberal Innsbrucker Nachrichten of the period around the turn of the century, you will find countless articles in which the common ground between the German Reich and the German-speaking countries was made the topic of the day.
Greil was a skilful politician who operated within the predetermined power structures of his time. He knew how to skilfully manoeuvre around the traditional powers, the monarchy and the clergy, and how to come to terms with them. The period leading up to the First World War was characterised by a general economic boom. This gave him a great deal of room for manoeuvre. Under him, the city purchased land with foresight in the spirit of the merchant in order to make projects possible. Innsbruck expanded considerably under Wilhelm Greil. Albert Gruber gave a warning speech about this growth in 1907, in which he warned against uncontrolled growth in urban planning and land speculation.
"It is the most difficult and responsible task facing our city fathers. Up until the 1980s (note: 1880), let's say in view of our circumstances, a certain slow pace was maintained in urban expansion. Since the last 10 years, however, it can be said that cityscapes have been expanding at a tremendous pace. Old houses are being torn down and new ones erected in their place. Of course, if this demolition and construction is carried out haphazardly, without any thought, only for the benefit of the individual, then disasters, so-called architectural crimes, usually occur. In order to prevent such haphazard building, which does not benefit the general public, every city must ensure that individuals cannot do as they please: the city must set a limit to unrestricted speculation in the area of urban expansion. This includes above all land speculation."
The politician Greil was able to rely on the civil servants and town planners Eduard Klingler, Jakob Albert and Theodor Prachensky for the major building projects of the time. Further development with individual houses was no longer possible due to population growth. In 1898, it was decided to build only blocks of flats east of Claudiastrasse instead of the orderly cottage-style villas of the decades after 1850. Infrastructure projects such as the new town hall in Maria-Theresienstraße in 1897, the Hungerburg railway in 1906 and the Karwendelbahn were realised. Other projects included the renovation of the market square and the construction of the market hall.
Much of what was pioneered in the second half of the 19th century is part of everyday life today. For the people of that time, however, these things were a real sensation and life-changing. The four decades between the economic crisis of 1873 and the First World War were characterised by unprecedented economic growth and rapid modernisation. The city's economy boomed. Businesses were founded in Pradl and Wilten and attracted workers. Tourism also brought fresh capital into the city. At the same time, however, the concentration of people in a confined space under sometimes precarious hygiene conditions also brought problems. The outskirts of the city in particular were repeatedly plagued by typhus.
His predecessor, Mayor Heinrich Falk (1840 - 1917), had already contributed significantly to the modernisation of the town and the settlement of Saggen. Since 1859, the lighting of the city with gas pipelines had progressed steadily. Between 1887 and 1891, Innsbruck was equipped with a modern high-pressure water pipeline, which could also be used to supply flats on higher floors with fresh water. Wilhelm Greil arranged for the gas works in Pradl and the electricity works in Mühlau to be taken over into municipal ownership. The street lighting was converted to electric light.
Greil was able to secure Innsbrucker Renaissance on patrons from the town's middle classes. Baron Johann von Sieberer donated the old people's asylum and the orphanage in Saggen. Leonhard Lang donated the building, previously used as a hotel, to which the town hall moved from the old town in 1897, in return for the town's promise to build a home for apprentices.
In his last years in office, Greil accompanied Innsbruck through the transition from the Habsburg Monarchy to the Republic, a period characterised above all by hunger, misery, scarcity of resources and insecurity. He was 68 years old when Italian troops occupied the city after the First World War and Tyrol was divided at the Brenner Pass, which was particularly bitter for him as a representative of German nationalism.
In 1928, former mayor Greil died as an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck at the age of 78. Wilhelm-Greil-Straße was named after him during his lifetime.
March 1848... and what it brought
The year 1848 occupies a mythical place in European history. Although the hotspots were not to be found in secluded Tyrol, but in the major metropolises such as Paris, Vienna, Budapest, Milan and Berlin, even in the Holy Land however, the revolutionary year left its mark. In contrast to the rural surroundings, an enlightened educated middle class had developed in Innsbruck. Enlightened people no longer wanted to be subjects of a monarch or sovereign, but citizens with rights and duties towards the state. Students and freelancers demanded political participation, freedom of the press and civil rights. Workers demanded better wages and working conditions. The omnipotence of the church was called into question.
In March 1848, this socially and politically highly explosive mixture erupted in riots in many European cities. In Innsbruck, students and professors celebrated the newly enacted freedom of the press with a torchlight procession. On the whole, however, the revolution proceeded calmly in the leisurely Tyrol. It would be foolhardy to speak of a spontaneous outburst of emotion; the date of the procession was postponed from 20 to 21 March due to bad weather. There were hardly any anti-Habsburg riots or attacks; a stray stone thrown into a Jesuit window was one of the highlights of the Alpine version of the 1848 revolution. The students even helped the city magistrate to monitor public order in order to show their gratitude to the monarch for the newly granted freedoms and their loyalty.
The initial enthusiasm for bourgeois achievements was quickly replaced by German nationalist, patriotic fervour in Innsbruck. On 6 April 1848, the German flag was waved by the governor of Tyrol during a ceremonial procession. A German flag was also raised on the city tower. Tricolour gehisst. Während sich Studenten, Arbeiter, liberal-nationalistisch gesinnte Bürger, Republikaner, Anhänger einer konstitutionellen Monarchie und katholische Konservative bei gesellschaftlichen Themen wie der Pressefreiheit nicht einig wurden, teilte man die Abneigung gegen die italienische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung, die von Piemont und Mailand ausgehend Norditalien erfasst hatte. Innsbrucker Studenten und Schützen zogen mit Unterstützung der k.k. Armeeführung ins Trentino, um die Unruhen und Aufstände im Keim zu ersticken. Bekannte Mitglieder dieses Korps waren der bereits in die Jahre gekommene Pater Haspinger, der bereits mit Andreas Hofer 1809 zu Felde zog, und Adolf Pichler.
The city of Innsbruck, as the political and economic centre of the multinational crown land of Tyrol and home to many Italian speakers, also became the arena of this nationality conflict. Combined with copious amounts of alcohol, anti-Italian sentiment in Innsbruck posed more of a threat to public order than civil liberties. A quarrel between a German-speaking craftsman and an Italian-speaking Ladin got so heated that it almost led to a pogrom against the numerous businesses and restaurants owned by Italian-speaking Tyroleans.
Die relative Beschaulichkeit Innsbrucks kam dem unter Druck stehenden Kaiserhaus recht. Als es in Wien auch nach dem März nicht aufhörte zu brodeln, floh Kaiser Ferdinand im Mai nach Tirol. Folgt man den Presseberichten aus dieser Zeit, wurde er von der Bevölkerung begeistert empfangen.
"Wie heißt das Land, dem solche Ehre zu Theil wird, wer ist das Volk, das ein solches Vertrauen genießt in dieser verhängnißvollen Zeit? Stützt sich die Ruhe und Sicherheit hier bloß auf die Sage aus alter Zeit, oder liegt auch in der Gegenwart ein Grund, auf dem man bauen kann, den der Wind nicht weg bläst, und der Sturm nicht erschüttert? Dieses Alipenland heißt Tirol, gefällts dir wohl? Ja, das tirolische Volk allein bewährt in der Mitte des aufgewühlten Europa die Ehrfurcht und Treue, den Muth und die Kraft für sein angestammtes Regentenhaus, während ringsum Auflehnung, Widerspruch. Trotz und Forderung, häufig sogar Aufruhr und Umsturz toben; Tirol allein hält fest ohne Wanken an Sitte und Gehorsam, auf Religion, Wahrheit und Recht, während anderwärts die Frechheit und Lüge, der Wahnsinn und die Leidenschaften herrschen anstatt folgen wollen. Und während im großen Kaiserreiche sich die Bande überall lockern, oder gar zu lösen drohen; wo die Willkühr, von den Begierden getrieben, Gesetze umstürzt, offenen Aufruhr predigt, täglich mit neuen Forderungen losgeht; eigenmächtig ephemere- wie das Wetter wechselnde Einrichtungen schafft; während Wien, die alte sonst so friedliche Kaiserstadt, sich von der erhitzten Phantasie der Jugend lenken und gängeln läßt, und die Räthe des Reichs auf eine schmähliche Weise behandelt, nach Laune beliebig, und mit jakobinischer Anmaßung, über alle Provinzen verfügend, absetzt und anstellt, ja sogar ohne Ehrfurcht, den Kaiaer mit Sturm-Petitionen verfolgt; während jetzt von allen Seiten her Deputationen mit Ergebenheits-Addressen mit Bittgesuchen und Loyalitätsversicherungen dem Kaiser nach Innsbruck folgen, steht Tirol ganz ruhig, gleich einer stillen Insel, mitten im brausenden Meeressturme, und des kleinen Völkchens treue Brust bildet, wie seine Berge und Felsen, eine feste Mauer in Gesetz und Ordnung, für den Kaiser und das Vaterland."
Im Juni stieg auch Franz Josef am Rückweg von den Schlachtfeldern Norditaliens in der Hofburg vorbei anstatt direkt nach Wien zu reisen. Innsbruck war wieder Residenzstadt, wenn auch nur für einen Sommer.
Im selben Jahr übergab Ferdinand den Thron Franz Josef I. Im Juli 1848 kam es in Wien in der Hofreitschule zur Abhaltung einer ersten parlamentarischen Sitzung. Eine erste Verfassung wurde in Kraft gesetzt. Der Reformwille der Monarchie flachte aber schnell wieder ab. Das neue Parlament war ein Reichsrat, es konnte keine bindenden Gesetze erlassen, der Kaiser besuchte es Zeit seines Lebens nie und verstand auch nicht, warum die Donaumonarchie als von Gott eingesetzt diesen Rat benötigt.
Nevertheless, the liberalisation that had been gently set in motion took its course in the cities. Innsbruck was given the status of a town with its own statute. Innsbruck's municipal law provided for a right of citizenship that was linked to ownership or the payment of taxes, but legally guaranteed certain rights to members of the community. Birthright citizenship could be acquired by birth, marriage or extraordinary conferment and at least gave male adults the right to vote at municipal level. If you got into financial difficulties, you had the right to basic support from the town.
On 2 June 1848, the first issue of the liberal and pro-German Innsbrucker Zeitung was published, from which the above article on the arrival of the Emperor in Innsbruck is taken. The previously abolished censorship was partially reintroduced. Newspaper publishers had to undergo some harassment by the authorities. Newspapers were not allowed to write against the provincial government, the monarchy or the church.
"Anyone who, by means of printed matter, incites, instigates or attempts to incite others to take action which would bring about the violent separation of a part from the unified state... of the Austrian Empire... or the general Austrian Imperial Diet or the provincial assemblies of the individual crown lands.... Imperial Diet or the Diet of the individual Crown Lands... violently disrupts... shall be punished with severe imprisonment of two to ten years."
Nachdem Innsbruck 1849 Meran auch offiziell als Landeshauptstadt abgelöste hatte und somit auch endgültig zum politischen Zentrum Tirols geworden war, bildeten sich Parteien. Ab 1868 stellte die liberal und großdeutsch orientierte Partei den Bürgermeister der Stadt Innsbruck. Der Einfluss der Kirche nahm in Innsbruck im Gegensatz zu den Umlandgemeinden ab. Individualismus, Kapitalismus, Nationalismus und Konsum sprangen in die Bresche. Neue Arbeitswelten, Kaufhäuser, Theater, Cafés und Tanzlokale verdrängten Religion zwar auch in der Stadt nicht, die Gewichtung wurde durch die 1848 errungenen bürgerlichen Freiheiten aber eine andere.
Perhaps the most important change to the law was the Basic relief patent. In Innsbruck, the clergy, above all Wilten Abbey, held a large proportion of the peasant land. The church and nobility were not subject to taxation. In 1848/49, manorial rule and servitude were abolished in Austria. Land rents, tithes and roboters were thus abolished. The landlords received one third of the value of their land from the state as part of the land relief, one third was regarded as tax relief and one third of the relief had to be paid by the farmers themselves. The farmers could pay off this amount in instalments over a period of twenty years.
The after-effects can still be felt today. The descendants of the then successful farmers enjoy the fruits of prosperity through inherited land ownership, which can be traced back to the land relief of 1848, as well as political influence through land sales for housing construction, leases and public sector redemptions for infrastructure projects. The land-owning nobles of the past had to resign themselves to the ignominy of pursuing middle-class labour. The transition from birthright to privileged status within society was often successful thanks to financial means, networks and education. Many of Innsbruck's academic dynasties began in the decades after 1848.
Innsbruck's industrial revolutions
Im 15. Jahrhundert begann sich in Innsbruck eine erste frühe Form der Industrialisierung zu entwickeln. Glocken- und Waffengießer wie die Löfflers errichteten in Hötting, Mühlau und Dreiheiligen Betriebe, die zu den führenden Werken ihrer Zeit gehörten. Unternehmer waren zwar nicht von edlem Blut, sie hatten aber oft mehr Kapital zur Verfügung als die Aristokratie. Die alten Hierarchien bestanden zwar noch, begannen aber zumindest etwas brüchig zu werden. Die Industrie änderten nicht nur die Spielregeln im Sozialen durch den Zuzug neuer Arbeitskräfte und ihrer Familien, sie hatte auch Einfluss auf die Erscheinung Innsbrucks. Die Arbeiter waren, anders als die Bauern, keines Herren Untertanen. Sie brachten neue Mode mit und kleideten sich anders. Kapital von außerhalb kam in die Stadt. Wohnhäuser und Kirchen für die neu zugezogenen Untertanen entstanden. Die großen Werkstätten veränderten den Geruch und den Klang der Stadt. Die Hüttenwerke waren laut, der Rauch der Öfen verpestete die Luft.
Die zweite Welle der Industrialisierung erfolgte im Verhältnis zu anderen europäischen Regionen in Innsbruck spät. Das Kleine Handwerk, bäuerliche Herstellung in der feldfreien Zeit, und die ehemaligen Handwerksbetriebe der Stadt entwickelten sich nach und nach zu eigenen Unternehmen. Teils waren es Innsbrucker Unternehmen, teils kamen die Betriebe von außerhalb. Manche Angehörigen des Kleinadels investierten das Geld, das sie nach 1848 als Ablöse für ihre Ländereien im Rahmen der Grundentlastung erhalten hatten, in Industrie und Wirtschaft. Landwirte ohne Land machten sich vom Umland auf nach Innsbruck, um dort Arbeit zu finden.
In Wilten, Mühlau und Pradl, damals noch nicht Teil der Stadt, entstanden entlang des Mühlbaches und des Sillkanals Fabriken. 1838 kam die Spinnmaschine über die Dornbirner Firma Herrburger & Rhomberg über den Arlberg nach Pradl. H&R hatte ein Grundstück an den Sillgründen erworben. Der Platz eignete sich dank der Wasserkraft des Flusses ideal für die schweren Maschinen der Textilindustrie. Neben der traditionellen Schafwolle wurde nun auch Baumwolle verarbeitet.
Über 20 Betriebe nutzten den Sillkanal um 1900. Der Lärm und die Abgase der Motoren waren für die Anrainer die Hölle, wie ein Zeitungsartikel aus dem Jahr 1912 zeigt:
„Entrüstung ruft bei den Bewohnern des nächst dem Hauptbahnhofe gelegenen Stadtteiles der seit einiger Zeit in der hibler´schen Feigenkaffeefabrik aufgestellte Explosionsmotor hervor. Der Lärm, welchen diese Maschine fast den ganzen Tag ununterbrochen verbreitet, stört die ganz Umgebung in der empfindlichsten Weise und muß die umliegenden Wohnungen entwerten. In den am Bahnhofplatze liegenden Hotels sind die früher so gesuchten und beliebten Gartenzimmer kaum mehr zu vermieten. Noch schlimmer als der ruhestörende Lärm aber ist der Qualm und Gestank der neuen Maschine…“
Wie 400 Jahre zuvor veränderte auch die Zweite Industrielle Revolution die Stadt nachhaltig. Stadtteile wie Mühlau, Pradl und Wilten wuchsen rasant. Während sich die neue vermögende Unternehmerklasse Villen in Wilten, Pradl und dem Saggen bauen ließ und mittlere Angestellte in Wohnhäusern in denselben Vierteln wohnten, waren die Arbeiter in Arbeiterwohnheimen und Massenunterkünften untergebracht. Die einen sorgten in Betrieben wie dem Gaswerk, dem Steinbruch oder in einer der Fabriken für den Wohlstand, während ihn die anderen konsumierten. Schichten von 12 Stunden in engen, lauten und rußigen Bedingungen forderten den Arbeitern alles ab. Zu einem Verbot der Kinderarbeit kam es erst ab den 1840er Jahren. Frauen verdienten nur einen Bruchteil dessen, was Männer bekamen. Die Arbeiter wohnten oft in von ihren Arbeitgebern errichteten Mietskasernen und waren ihnen mangels eines Arbeitsrechtes auf Gedeih und Verderb ausgeliefert. Es gab weder Sozial- noch Arbeitslosenversicherungen. Wer nicht arbeiten konnte, war auf die Wohlfahrtseinrichtungen seines Heimatortes angewiesen. Zur Bildung einer bedeutenden Arbeiterbewegung wie in Wien kam es in Tirol trotzdem nie. Innsbruck war immer schon vorwiegend Handels- und Universitätsstadt. Zwar gab es Sozialdemokraten und eine Handvoll Kommunisten, die Zahl der Arbeiter war aber immer zu klein, um wirklich etwas zu bewegen.
Die Industrialisierung betraf aber nicht nur den materiellen Alltag. Innsbruck erfuhr eine Gentrifizierung wie man sie heute in angesagten Großstadtvierteln wie dem Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin beobachten kann. Der Wechsel vom bäuerlichen Leben des Dorfes in die Stadt beinhaltete mehr als einen örtlichen Wechsel. Wie die Menschen die Verstädterung des ehemals ländlichen Bereichs erlebten, lässt uns der Innsbrucker Schriftsteller Josef Leitgeb in einem seiner Texte wissen:
„…viel fremdes, billig gekleidetes Volk, in wachsenden Wohnblocks zusammengedrängt, morgens, mittags und abends die Straßen füllend, wenn es zur Arbeit ging oder von ihr kam, aus Werkstätten, Läden, Fabriken, vom Bahndienst, die Gesichter oft blaß und vorzeitig alternd, in Haltung, Sprache und Kleidung nichts Persönliches mehr, sondern ein Allgemeines, massenhaft Wiederholtes und Wiederholbares: städtischer Arbeitsmensch. Bahnhof und Gaswerk erschienen als Kern dieser neuen, unsäglich fremden Landschaft.“
Für viele Innsbrucker kam es nach dem Revolutionsjahr 1848 und den neuen wirtschaftlichen Gegebenheiten zu einer Verbürgerlichung. Erfolgreiche Unternehmer übernahmen die einstige Rolle der adeligen Grundherren. Gemeinsam mit den zahlreichen Akademikern bildeten sie eine neue Schicht, die auch politisch mehr und mehr Einfluss gewann. Beda Weber schrieb dazu 1851:
„Their social circles are without constraint, and there is a distinctly metropolitan flavour that is not so easy to find elsewhere in Tyrol."
Auch die Arbeiter verbürgerlichten. War der Grundherr am Land noch Herr über das Privatleben seiner Knechte und Mägde und konnte bis zur Sexualität über die Freigabe zur Ehe über deren Lebenswandel bestimmen, waren die Arbeiter nun individuell zumindest etwas freier. Sie wurden zwar nur schlecht bezahlt, immerhin erhielten sie aber nun ihren eigenen Lohn anstelle von Kost und Logis und konnten ihre Privatangelegenheiten für sich regeln ohne grundherrschaftliche Vormundschaft.
Das bis dato unbekannte Phänomen der Freizeit kam, wenn auch für den größten Teil nur spärlich, auf und begünstigte gemeinsam mit frei verfügbarem Einkommen einer größeren Anzahl an Menschen Hobbies. Vereine aller Art gründeten sich.
Parks wie der Englische Garten beim Schloss Ambras waren nicht mehr exklusiv der Aristokratie zugänglich, sondern dienten den Bürgern als Naherholungsgebiete vom beengten Dasein. Neue Parks wie der Waltherpark in St. Nikolaus entstanden. In der gegenüberliegenden St.-Nikolaus-Gasse und in vielen vielen Mietzinshäusern in Wilten und Pradl haben sich vereinzelt Häuser erhalten, die einen Eindruck vom Alltag der Innsbrucker Arbeiterschaft geben.