Of course, the Inn Valley was not first colonised with the Roman conquest. The inhabitants of the Alps, described as wild, predatory and barbaric, were labelled by Greek and Roman writers with the rather vague collective term "Raeter". These people probably did not refer to themselves in this way. Today, researchers use the term Raeter to refer to the inhabitants of Tyrol, the lower Engadin and Trentino, the area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno Culturenamed after their major archaeological sites. Two-storey houses with stone foundations grouped in clustered villages, similar language idioms, burnt offering sites such as the Goldbühel in Igls and pottery finds indicate a common cultural background and economic exchange between the ethnic groups and organisations between Vorarlberg, Lake Garda and Istria. According to finds, there was also a lively exchange with other ethnic groups such as the Celts in the west or the Etruscans in the south even before the Roman conquests. Etruscan characters were used for all kinds of records.

According to Roman interpretation, the Breons, a tribe within the Raetians, lived in the area of today's Innsbruck. This name persisted even after the fall of the Roman Empire until the Bavarian colonisation in the 9th century. Although there were no Breon Popular Frontthe quote from Life of Brian could also have been used in pre-Christian Innsbruck:

"Apart from medicine, sanitation, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, water treatment and public health insurance, what, I ask you, have the Romans ever done for us?"

A climatic phenomenon known as Roman climate optimum the area north of the Alps for the first time in history. Roman Empire interesting and accessible via the Alpine crossings. From a strategic point of view, the conquest was overdue anyway. The Roman troops in Gaul in the west and Illyria on the Adriatic in the east were to be connected, invasions by barbarian peoples into northern Italian settlements were to be prevented and routes for trade, travellers and the military were to be expanded and secured. The Inn Valley, an important corridor for troop movements, communication and trade on the outer edge of the Roman economic area, had to be brought under Roman control. The transport route between today's Seefeld Saddle and the Brenner Pass already existed before the Roman conquest, but was not a paved, modern road that met the demands of Roman requirements.

In the year 15 BC, the generals Tiberius and Drusus, both stepsons of Emperor Augustus, conquered the area that is now Innsbruck. Drusus marched from Verona to Trento and then along the Adige River over the Brenner Pass to the area that is now Innsbruck. There, the Roman troops fought against the local Breons. The Roman administration was rolled out under Augustus' successor Tiberius. The military was followed by the administration. Today's Tyrol was divided at the river Ziller. The area east of the Ziller became part of the province of Noricum, Innsbruck hingegen wurde ein Teil der Provinz Raetia et Vindielicia. It stretched from today's central Switzerland with the Gotthard massif in the west to the Alpine foothills north of Lake Constance, the Brenner in the south and the Ziller in the east. The Ziller has remained a border in the division of Tyrol in terms of church law to this day. The area east of the Ziller belongs to the diocese of Salzburg, while Tyrol west of the Ziller belongs to the diocese of Innsbruck.

It is unclear whether the Romans destroyed the settlements and places of worship between Zirl and Wattens during their campaign of conquest. The burnt offering site at Goldbühel in Igls was no longer used after the year 15. There are also no precise sources on the treatment of the conquered. The Roman troops most likely drew on the expertise of the local population to secure and construct the transport routes. Today we would probably say that important human resources were handled with caution after the takeover.  

The soon Via Raetia named road made the Via Claudia Augustawhich linked Italy and Bavaria via the Reschen Pass and Fern Pass, as the most important transport route across the Alps. In the 3rd century after the turn of the millennium, the Brenner route became the via publica developed. It was too steep in parts for poorly equipped trade trains to become the main route, but traffic increased noticeably and with it the importance of the Wipp and Inn valleys. Just over five metres wide, it ran from the Brenner Pass to the Ferrariwiese meadow above Wilten over the Isel mountain to today's Gasthaus Haymon. At intervals of 20 to 40 kilometres there were rest stations with accommodation, restaurants and stables. In Sterzing, on the Brenner Pass, in Matrei and Innsbruck, these Roman Mansiones Villages where Roman culture began to establish itself.

The military camp was accessible via this road network Castell Veldidena The Romans were integrated into an economic and intellectual area stretching from Great Britain to the Baltic and North Africa. The Romans brought many of their cultural achievements such as imperial coinage, glass and brick production, the Latin language, bathhouses, thermal baths, schools and wine across the Brenner Pass. Roman law and administration were also introduced. Military service in the Roman army enabled people to climb the social ladder. With an imperial decree in 212, the Breton subjects became full Roman citizens with all the associated rights and duties.

The most important remnant of the Roman Empire after its downfall was the religion and the model of society that was associated with it. After Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century, the Tyrolean region was also missionised. From this time onwards, churches and episcopal administrations existed in Brixen in South Tyrol and in Trento. The saints of Christianity replaced the polytheism. Old festivals such as the winter solstice, harvest customs and the beginning of spring were integrated into the Christian calendar and replaced by Christmas, All Saints' Day and Easter. Legendary figures such as the Saligen Fräulein continued to be worshipped in parallel by devout Christians. The deified Roman emperors were replaced by monarchy and aristocracy. The Christian father of the church, St Paul, in his Letter to the Romans the theological basis for the feudal system that was carried from the church pulpit to the people:

Jedermann sei untertan der Obrigkeit, die Gewalt über ihn hat. Denn es ist keine Obrigkeit außer von Gott; wo aber Obrigkeit ist, ist sie von Gott angeordnet. Darum: Wer sich der Obrigkeit widersetzt, der widerstrebt Gottes Anordnung; die ihr aber widerstreben, werden ihr Urteil empfangen. Denn die Gewalt haben, muss man nicht fürchten wegen guter, sondern wegen böser Werke. Willst du dich aber nicht fürchten vor der Obrigkeit, so tue Gutes, dann wirst du Lob von ihr erhalten. Denn sie ist Gottes Dienerin, dir zugut. Tust du aber Böses, so fürchte dich; denn sie trägt das Schwert nicht umsonst. Sie ist Gottes Dienerin und vollzieht die Strafe an dem, der Böses tut. Darum ist es notwendig, sich unterzuordnen, nicht allein um der Strafe, sondern auch um des Gewissens willen. Deshalb zahlt ihr ja auch Steuer; denn sie sind Gottes Diener, auf diesen Dienst beständig bedacht.

There is hardly anything left of Roman Innsbruck in the cityscape. Exhibits can be admired in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum. In various excavation projects, burial sites and remains such as walls, coins, bricks and everyday objects from the Roman period in Innsbruck were found around today's Wilten Abbey. The centre of the Leuthauses next to the monastery dates back to Roman times. One of the Roman milestones of the former main road over the Brenner Pass can be seen in Wiesengasse near the Tivoli Stadium.

In the 15th century, the first early form of industrialisation began to develop in Innsbruck. Bell and weapon founders such as the Löfflers set up factories in Hötting, Mühlau and Dreiheiligen, which were among the leading factories of their time. Although entrepreneurs were not of noble blood, they often had more capital at their disposal than the aristocracy. The old hierarchies still existed, but were beginning to become at least somewhat fragile. Industry not only changed the rules of the social game with the influx of new workers and their families, it also had an impact on the appearance of Innsbruck. Unlike the farmers, the labourers were not the subjects of any master. They brought new fashions with them and dressed differently. Capital from outside came into the city. Houses and churches were built for the newly arrived subjects. The large workshops changed the smell and sound of the city. The smelting works were loud, the smoke from the furnaces polluted the air.

The second wave of industrialisation came late in Innsbruck compared to other European regions. The Small craftThe town's former craft businesses, which were organised in guilds, came under pressure from the achievements of modern goods production. In St. Nikolaus, Wilten, Mühlau and Pradl, modern factories were built along the Mühlbach stream and the Sill Canal. Many innovative company founders came from outside Innsbruck. Peter Walde, who moved to Innsbruck from Lusatia, founded his company in 1777 in what is now Innstrasse 23, producing products made from fat, such as tallow candles and soaps. Eight generations later, Walde is still one of the oldest family businesses in Austria. Today, you can buy the result of centuries of tradition in soap and candle form in the listed headquarters with its Gothic vaults. In 1838, the spinning machine arrived via the Dornbirn company Herrburger & Rhomberg over the Arlberg to Pradl. H&R had acquired a plot of land on the Sillgründe. Thanks to the river's water power, the site was ideal for the heavy machinery used in the textile industry. In addition to the traditional sheep's wool, cotton was now also processed.

Just like 400 years earlier, the Second Industrial Revolution changed the city forever. Neighbourhoods such as Mühlau, Pradl and Wilten grew rapidly. The factories were often located in the centre of residential areas. Over 20 factories used the Sill Canal around 1900, and the noise and exhaust fumes from the engines were hell for the neighbours, as a newspaper article from 1912 shows:

„Entrüstung ruft bei den Bewohnern des nächst dem Hauptbahnhofe gelegenen Stadtteiles der seit einiger Zeit in der hibler´schen Feigenkaffeefabrik aufgestellte Explosionsmotor hervor. Der Lärm, welchen diese Maschine fast den ganzen Tag ununterbrochen verbreitet, stört die ganz Umgebung in der empfindlichsten Weise und muß die umliegenden Wohnungen entwerten. In den am Bahnhofplatze liegenden Hotels sind die früher so gesuchten und beliebten Gartenzimmer kaum mehr zu vermieten. Noch schlimmer als der ruhestörende Lärm aber ist der Qualm und Gestank der neuen Maschine…“

Many members of the lesser nobility also invested the money from the 1848 land relief in industry and business. The increasing demand for labour was met by former farmhands and farmers without land. While the new wealthy entrepreneurial class had villas built in Wilten, Pradl and Saggen and middle-class employees lived in apartment buildings in the same neighbourhoods, the workers were housed in workers' hostels and mass accommodation. Some worked in businesses such as the gas works, the quarry or in one of the factories, while others consumed the wealth. Shifts of 12 hours in cramped, noisy and sooty conditions demanded everything from the workers. Child labour was not banned until the 1840s. Women earned only a fraction of what men were paid. Workers often lived in tenements built by their employers and were at their mercy due to the lack of labour laws. There was neither social security nor unemployment insurance. Those who were unable to work had to rely on the welfare organisations of their home town. Nevertheless, Tyrol never saw the formation of a significant labour movement as in Vienna. Innsbruck was always primarily a commercial and university town. Although there were social democrats and a handful of communists, the number of workers was always too small to really make a difference.

However, industrialisation did not only affect everyday material life. Innsbruck experienced the kind of gentrification that can be observed today in trendy urban neighbourhoods such as Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin. The change from the rural life of the village to the city involved more than just a change of location. In one of his texts, the Innsbruck writer Josef Leitgeb tells us how people experienced the urbanisation of what was once a rural area:

„…viel fremdes, billig gekleidetes Volk, in wachsenden Wohnblocks zusammengedrängt, morgens, mittags und abends die Straßen füllend, wenn es zur Arbeit ging oder von ihr kam, aus Werkstätten, Läden, Fabriken, vom Bahndienst, die Gesichter oft blaß und vorzeitig alternd, in Haltung, Sprache und Kleidung nichts Persönliches mehr, sondern ein Allgemeines, massenhaft Wiederholtes und Wiederholbares: städtischer Arbeitsmensch. Bahnhof und Gaswerk erschienen als Kern dieser neuen, unsäglich fremden Landschaft.“

For many Innsbruck residents, the revolutionary year of 1848 and the new economic circumstances led to a bourgeoisification. Successful entrepreneurs took over the former role of the aristocratic landlords. Together with the numerous academics, they formed a new class that also gained more and more political influence. Beda Weber wrote about this in 1851:

„Their social circles are without constraint, and there is a distinctly metropolitan flavour that is not so easy to find elsewhere in Tyrol."

The workers also became bourgeois. While the landlord in the countryside was still master of the private lives of his farmhands and maidservants and was able to determine their lifestyle up to and including sexuality via the release for marriage, the labourers were now at least somewhat freer individually. They were poorly paid, but at least they now received their own wages instead of board and lodging and were able to organise their private affairs for themselves without the landlord's guardianship.

Innsbruck is not a traditional working-class city. May Day marches are only attended by the majority of people for cheap schnitzel and free beer. There are hardly any other places that commemorate industrialisation and the achievements of the working class. In St.-Nikolaus-Gasse and in many tenement houses in Wilten and Pradl, a few houses have been preserved that give an impression of the everyday life of Innsbruck's working class.

Although many of the buildings erected from the 1950s onwards are not very attractive architecturally, they do house interesting works of art. From 1949 there was a project in Austria Art on the building. In the case of buildings realised by the state, 2% of the total expenditure was to flow into artistic design. The implementation of the building law and thus also the administration of the budgets was then, as now, the responsibility of the federal states. Artists were to be financially supported through these public commissions. The idea first emerged in 1919 during the Weimar Republic and was continued by the National Socialists from 1934.

Austria took up art in architecture after the war to design public spaces as part of the reconstruction programme. The public sector, which replaced the aristocracy and bourgeoisie as the property developers of past centuries, was under massive financial pressure. Despite this, the housing projects, which were primarily focussed on function, were not intended to be completely unadorned.

Die mit der Gestaltung der Kunstwerke betrauten Tiroler Künstler wurden in ausgeschriebenen Wettbewerben ermittelt. Der bekannteste unter ihnen war Max Weiler, der vielleicht prominenteste Künstler im Tirol der Nachkriegszeit, der in Innsbruck unter anderem für die Fresken in der Theresienkirche auf der Hungerburg verantwortlich war. Weitere prominente Namen sind Helmut Rehm (1911 – 1991), Walter Honeder (1906 – 2006), Fritz Berger (1916 – 2002) und Emmerich Kerle (1916 – 2010).

The biographies of the artists were not only compiled by the Gewerbeschule Innsbruck (Note: today's HTL Trenkwalderstraße) and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna as a common denominator, but also characterised by the shared experience of National Socialism. Fritz Berger had lost his right arm and one eye during the war and had to learn to work with his left hand. Emmerich Kerle was taught at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna by Josef Müllner, among others, an artist who had made his mark on art history with busts of Adolf Hitler, Siegfried from the Nibelungen saga and the Karl Lueger monument in Vienna, which remains controversial to this day. Kerle served in Finland as a war painter.

Wie ein großer Teil der Tiroler Bevölkerung wollten auch Politiker, Beamte und die Künstler nach den harten und leidvollen Kriegsjahren Ruhe und Frieden, um Gras über das Geschehen der letzten Jahrzehnte wachsen zu lassen.

Die im Rahmen von Kunst am Bau entstandenen Werke reflektieren diese Haltung nach einem neuen Sittenbild. Es war das erste Mal, dass abstrakte, gestaltlose Kunst Eingang in den öffentlichen Raum Innsbrucks fand, wenn auch nur in unkritischem Rahmen. Märchen, Sagen, religiöse Symbole waren beliebte Motive, die auf den Sgraffitos, Mosaiken, Wandbildern und Statuen verewigt wurden. Die Kunst sollte auch ein neues Bewusstsein und Bild dessen schaffen, was als typisch Österreichischen galt. Noch 1955 betrachtete sich jeder zweite Österreicher als Deutscher. Die unterschiedlich ausgeführten Motive zeigen Freizeitaktivitäten, Kleidungsstile und Vorstellungen der sozialen Ordnung und gesellschaftlichen Normen der Nachkriegszeit. Frauen wurden häufig in Tracht und Dirndl, Männer in Lederhosen dargestellt. Die konservative Idealvorstellung der Geschlechterrollen wurden in der Kunst verarbeitet. Fleißig arbeitende Väter, brave Ehefrauen, die sich um Haus und Herd kümmerten und Kinder, die in der Schule eifrig lernen waren das Idealbild bis weit in die 1970er Jahre. Ein Leben wie aus einem Film mit Peter Alexander.

Die Realität sah freilich anders aus:

„Die Notlage gefährdet die Behaglichkeit des Heims. Sie zehrt an den Wurzeln der Lebensfreude. Niemand leidet mehr darunter als die Frau, deren Glück es bildet, einen zufriedenen, trauten Familienkreis um sich zu sehen. Welche Anspannung der seelischen Kraft erfordern der täglich zermürbende Kampf um ein bisschen Einkauf, die Mühsal des Schlangestehens, die Enttäuschungen der Absagen und Abweisungen und der Blick in den unmutigen Gesichtern der von Entbehrungen gepeinigten Lieben.“

Was in der Tiroler Tageszeitung zu lesen stand, war aber nur ein Teil der Alltagsrealität. Neben den materiellen Nöten bestimmte das kollektive Kriegstrauma die Gesellschaft. Die Erwachsenen der 1950er Jahre waren Produkte der Erziehung der Zwischenkriegszeit und des Nationalsozialismus. Männer, die an der Front gekämpft hatten, konnten als Kriegsverlierer nur in bestimmten Kreisen von ihren grauenhaften Erlebnissen sprechen, Frauen hatten meist gar kein Forum zur Verarbeitung ihrer Ängste und Sorgen. Häusliche Gewalt und Alkoholismus waren weit verbreitet. Lehrer, Polizisten, Politiker und Beamte kamen vielfach aus der nationalsozialistischen Anhängerschaft, die nicht einfach mit dem Ende des Krieges verschwand, sondern lediglich öffentlich totgeschwiegen wurde.

Das Problem an dieser Strategie des Verdrängens war, dass niemand die Verantwortung für das Geschehene übernahm, auch wenn vor allem zu Beginn die Begeisterung und Unterstützung für den Nationalsozialismus groß war. Es gab kaum eine Familie, die nicht mindestens ein Mitglied mit einer wenig rühmlichen Geschichte zwischen 1933 und 1945 hatte. Scham über das, was seit 1938 und in den Jahren in der Politik Österreichs geschehen war mischte sich zur Angst davor, von den Besatzungsmächten USA, Großbritannien, Frankreich und die UDSSR als Kriegsschuldiger ähnlich wie 1918 behandelt zu werden. Es entstand ein Klima, in dem niemand, weder die daran beteiligte noch die nachfolgende Generation über das Geschehene sprach. Diese Haltung verhinderte lange die Aufarbeitung dessen, was seit 1933 geschehen war.

The myth of Austria as the first victim of National Socialism, which only began to slowly crumble with the Waldheim affair in the 1980s, was born. Police officers, teachers, judges - they were all kept in their jobs despite their political views. Society needed them to keep going.

Ein Beispiel für den großzügig ausgebreiteten Mantel des Vergessens mit großem Bezug zu Innsbruck ist die Vita des Arztes Burghard Breitner (1884-1956). Breitner wuchs in einem wohlbetuchten bürgerlichen Haushalt auf. Die Villa Breitner am Mattsee war Sitz eines Museums über den vom Vater verehrten deutschnationalen Dichter Josef Viktor Scheffel.

Nach dem Gymnasium entschied sich Breitner gegen eine Karriere in der Literatur und für ein Medizinstudium. Anschließend beschloss er seinen Militärdienst und begann seine Karriere als Arzt. 1912/13 diente er als Militärarzt im Balkankrieg. 1914 verschlug es ihn an die Ostfront, wo er in russische Kriegsgefangenschaft geriet. Als Arzt kümmerte er sich im Gefangenenlager aufopferungsvoll um seine Kameraden. Erst 1920 sollte er als Held und „Angel of Siberia“ aus dem Gefangenenlager wieder nach Österreich zurückkehren.

1932 begann seine Laufbahn an der Universität Innsbruck. 1938 stand Breitner vor dem Problem, dass er auf Grund des jüdischen Hintergrundes seiner Großmutter väterlicherseits den „Great Aryan proof" could not provide. However, thanks to his good relationship with the Rector of Innsbruck University and important National Socialists, he was ultimately able to continue working at the university hospital. During the Nazi regime, Breitner was responsible for forced sterilisations and "Voluntary emasculation“ verantwortlich, auch wenn er wohl keine der Operationen persönlich durchführte.

Nach dem Krieg schaffte es der „Engel von Sibirien“ mit einigen Mühen sich durch das Entnazifizierungsverfahren zu winden. 1951 wurde er als Kandidat des VDU, einem politischen Sammelbecken für ehemalige Nationalsozialisten, als Kandidat für die Bundespräsidentschaftswahl aufgestellt. 1952 wurde Breitner Rektor der Universität Innsbruck. Nach seinem Tod widmete ihm die Stadt Innsbruck ein Ehrengrab am Westfriedhof Innsbruck. In der Reichenau ist ihm in unmittelbarer Nähe des Standortes des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers eine Straße gewidmet.

Wer aufmerksam durch die Stadt geht, findet viele der noch heute sichtbaren Kunstwerke auf Häusern in Pradl und Wilten. Die Mischung aus reizloser Architektur und zeitgenössischen Kunstwerken der gerne verdrängten, in Filmen und Erzählungen lange idealisierten und verklärten Nachkriegszeit, ist sehenswert. Besonders schöne Beispiele finden sich an den Fassaden in der Pacherstraße, der Hunoldstraße, der Ing.-Thommenstraße, am Innrain, der Landesberufsschule Mandelsbergerstraße oder im Innenhof zwischen Landhausplatz und Maria-Theresienstraße.