Straßenbahnlinie 6 / Waldbahn
Mühlau – Igls
Worth knowing
Mit der Straßenbahn Linie 6 lässt sich Innsbruck von Mühlau im Norden bis hinauf ins Mittelgebirge am Fuß des Patscherkofels im Süden durchqueren. Eilig sollte man es dabei nicht haben. Die Sechser ist im Zeitalter zielgerichteter, auf Effizienz ausgerichteter öffentlicher Verkehrsmittel vielleicht Innsbrucks nutzloseste Linie. Mit großer Sicherheit ist sie aber auch die schönste Art und Weise, die ehemals eigenständigen Dörfer Vill und Igls zu erreichen. Man durchquert den Saggen, die Innenstadt und Wilten bevor es ins Grüne geht. Nach der Haltestelle Bretterkeller in Wilten schlängelt sich die Straßenbahn gemütlich durch die Landschaft am Paschberg. Die Waldbahn, wie sie von Einheimischen liebevoll genannt wird, führt Ausflügler entschleunigt zu einigen der schönsten Plätze rund um Innsbruck. Tummelplatz, Mühlsee, Lanser See und Moor, die Vogelhütte, Viller und Lanser Kopf und das schöne Dorfzentrum von Igls lohnen einen Stopp. Sehenswert sind auch die kleinen Bahnhöfe unterwegs, die sich harmonisch in die Landschaft einfügen.
Was heute im Zeitalter des Autoverkehrs eine liebevoll gepflegte Schaubahn ist, wurde 1900 als Verkehrsverbindung von Wilten in den erblühenden touristischen Hotspot Igls angelegt. Erste kühne Pläne, die Stadt mit dem Mittelgebirge zu verbinden, entstanden schon in den 1880er Jahren. In der Schweiz waren die ersten Standseilbahnen in Betrieb gegangen, in Wien führte eine Zahnradbahn seit 1874 auf den Kahlenberg. 1891 trat die erste Tiroler Lokalbahn zwischen dem Bahnhof Innsbruck und Hall ihren Dienst an. Zwei Jahre später konstituierte sich die AG Lokalbahn Innsbruck – Hall i.T.. 1896 betraute die Gemeinderegierung unter Wilhelm Greil den bewährten Verkehrsplaner und Unternehmer Josef Riehl mit der Streckenplanung für die Dampflokbahn und die Planung der Finanzierung. Dass die Bahn inklusive aller Bahnhöfe, Brücken, Bahnhöfe und Schienenverlegung im anspruchsvollen Gelände im Juni 1900 nach nur 10 Monaten effektiver Bauzeit eröffnet werden konnte, erscheint aus heutiger Sicht unglaublich. 1936 erfolgte die Umstellung auf elektrischen Betrieb. Das ermöglichte die Eingliederung der Mittelgebirgsbahn als Linie 6 in den regulären städtischen Verkehrsbetrieb.
The AG Lokalbahn Innsbruck Hall i.T. betrieb bis 1943 alle Bahnen und Busse im Nahverkehr der Stadt, bevor sie in der Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe AG, der heutigen IVB aufging. 125 Jahre und unzähligen Veränderungen im Fahrplan bringt die Waldstraßenbahn als Attraktion für Touristen und Straßenbahn-Fans noch immer Ausflügler von der Stadt ins Mittelgebirge.
Die Eisenbahn als Entwicklungshelfer Innsbrucks
In 1830, the world's first railway line was opened between Liverpool and Manchester. Just a few decades later, the Tyrol, which had been somewhat remote from the main trade routes and economically underdeveloped for some time, was also connected to the world with spectacular railway constructions across the Alps. While travelling had previously been expensive, long and arduous journeys in carriages, on horseback or on foot, the ever-expanding railway network meant unprecedented comfort and speed.
It was Innsbruck's mayor Joseph Valentin Maurer (1797 - 1843) who recognised the importance of the railway as an opportunity for the Alpine region. In 1836, he advocated the construction of a railway line in order to make the beautiful but hard-to-reach region accessible to the widest possible, wealthy public. The first practical pioneer of railway transport in Tyrol was Alois von Negrelli (1799 - 1858), who also played a key role in the Suez Canal project of the century. At the end of the 1830s, when the first railway lines of the Danube Monarchy went into operation in the east of the empire, he drew up a "Expert opinion on the railway from Innsbruck via Kufstein to the royal Bavarian border at the Otto Chapel near Kiefersfelden“ vorgelegt. Negrelli hatte in jungen Jahren in der k.k. Baudirektion Innsbruck service, so he knew the city very well. His report already contained sketches and a list of costs. He had suggested the Triumphpforte and the Hofgarten as a site for the main railway station. In a letter, he commented on the railway line through his former home town with these words:
"...I also hear with the deepest sympathy that the railway from Innsbruck to Kufstein is being taken seriously, as the Laage is very suitable for this and the area along the Inn is so rich in natural products and so populated that I cannot doubt its success, nor will I fail to take an active part in it myself and through my business friends when it comes to the purchase of shares. You have no idea of the new life that such an endeavour will awaken in the other side..."
Friedrich List, bekannt als Vater der deutschen Eisenbahn, brachte den Plan einer Bahnverbindung von den norddeutschen Hansestädten über Tirol an die italienische Adria auf den Tisch. Auf österreichischer Seite erbte Carl Ritter von Ghega (1802 – 1860) die Gesamtverantwortung über das Projekt Eisenbahn innerhalb des Riesenreiches der Habsburger vom früh verstorbenen Negrelli. 1851 bekundeten Österreich und Bayern in einem Vertrag die Absicht, eine Eisenbahnlinie in die Tiroler Landeshauptstadt zu bauen. Im Mai 1855 begann der Bau. Es war die bis dahin größte Baustelle, die Innsbruck gesehen hatte. Nicht nur der Bahnhof wurde errichtet, die Bahnviadukte hinaus aus der Stadt Richtung Nordosten mussten gebaut werden.
On 24 November 1858, the railway line between Innsbruck and Kufstein and on to Munich via Rosenheim went into operation. The line was ahead of its time. Unlike the rest of the railway, which was not privatised until 1860, the line opened as a private railway, operated by the previously founded Imperial and Royal Privileged Southern State, Lombard, Venetian and Central Italian Railway Company. This move meant that the costly railway construction could be excluded from Austria's already tight state budget. The first step was taken with this opening towards the eastern parts of the monarchy, especially to Munich. Goods and travellers could now be transported quickly and conveniently from Bavaria to the Alps and back. In South Tyrol, the first trains rolled over the tracks between Verona and Trento in the spring of 1859.
However, the north-south corridor was still unfinished. The first serious considerations regarding the Brenner railway were made in 1847. In 1854, the disputes south of the Brenner Pass and the commercial necessity of connecting the two parts of the country prompted the Permanent Central Fortification Commission on the plan. The loss of Lombardy after the war with France and Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 delayed the project in northern Italy, which had become politically unstable. From the Imperial and Royal Privileged Southern State, Lombard, Venetian and Central Italian Railway Company 1860 had to Imperial and Royal Privileged Southern Railway Company to start with the detailed planning. In the following year, the mastermind behind this outstanding infrastructural achievement of the time, engineer Carl von Etzel (1812 - 1865), began to survey the site and draw up concrete plans for the layout of the railway. The planner was instructed by the private company's investors to be as economical as possible and to manage without large viaducts and bridges. Contrary to earlier considerations by Carl Ritter von Ghega to cushion the gradient up to the pass at 1370 metres above sea level by starting the line in Hall, Etzel drew up the plan, which included Innsbruck, together with his construction manager Achilles Thommen and chose the Sill Gorge as the best route. This not only saved seven kilometres of track and a lot of money, but also secured Innsbruck's important status as a transport hub. The alpine terrain, mudslides, snowstorms and floods were major challenges during construction. River courses had to be relocated, rocks blasted, earthworks dug and walls built to cope with the alpine route. The worst problems, however, were caused by the war that broke out in Italy in 1866. Patriotic German-speaking workers in particular refused to work with the "enemy". 14,000 Italian-speaking workers had to be dismissed before work could continue. Despite this, the W's highest regular railway line with its 22 tunnels blasted out of the rock was completed in a remarkably short construction time. It is not known how many men lost their lives working on the Brenner railway.
The opening was remarkably unspectacular. Many people were not sure whether they liked the technical innovation or not. Economic sectors such as lorry transport and the post stations along the Brenner line were doomed, as the death of the rafting industry after the opening of the railway line to the lowlands had shown. Even during the construction work, there were protests from farmers who feared for their profits due to the threat of importing agricultural goods. Just as the construction of the railway line had previously been influenced by world politics, a celebration was held. Austria was in national mourning due to the execution of the former Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, the brother of Franz Josef I, before a revolutionary court martial. A grand state ceremony worthy of the project was dispensed with. Instead of a priestly consecration and festive christening, the Southern Railway Company donated 6,000 guilders to the poor relief fund. Also in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten there is not a word about the revolution in transport, apart from the announcement of the last express train over the Brenner Pass and the publication of the timetable for the Southern Railway.
(The last express coach). Yesterday evening at half past seven the last express coach to South Tyrol departed from here. The oldest postilion in Innsbruck was driving the horses, his hat was fluttered with mourning, and the carriage was decorated with branches of weeping willows for the last journey. Two marksmen travelling to Matrei were the only passengers to pay their last respects to the express coach. In the last days of 1797, the beautiful, otherwise so lively and now deserted road was conspicuously dead.
Until the opening of the railway line over the Brenner Pass on 24 August 1867, Innsbruck was a terminus station of regional importance. The new, spectacular Brenner railway across the Alps connected the northern and southern parts of the country as well as Germany and Italy. The Alps had lost their divisive character and their terror for transit, at least a little. The second obstacle that had to be overcome to unify the country was the Arlberg. The first plans for a railway line that would connect the region around Lake Constance with the rest of the Danube Monarchy were made as early as 1847, but the project was repeatedly postponed. In 1871, food export bans due to the Franco-Prussian War led to a famine in Vorarlberg because food could not be delivered quickly enough from the east of the vast empire to the far west. Nevertheless, the economic crisis of 1873 delayed construction once again. It was not until seven years later that the decision was made in parliament to realise the railway line. In the same year, the complicated construction work began to the east and west of the Arlberg massif. 38 torrents and 54 avalanche danger points had to be built with 3100 structures in precarious weather conditions in the alpine terrain. The most remarkable achievement was the ten kilometre long tunnel, which carries two tracks.
Am 30. Juni 1883 fuhr der letzte Transport der Post mit dem Pferdewagen in feierlichem Trauerflor von Innsbruck nach Landeck. Tags darauf erledigte die Eisenbahn diesen Dienst. Mit der Eröffnung der Eisenbahn von Innsbruck nach Landeck und der endgültigen Fertigstellung der Arlbergbahn bis Bludenz 1884 inklusive dem Tunneldurchschlag durch den Arlberg war Innsbruck endgültig wieder zum Verkehrsknotenpunkt zwischen Deutschland und Italien, Frankreich, der Schweiz und Wien geworden. 1904 wurde die Stubaitalbahn, 1912 die Mittenwaldbahn eröffnet. Beide Projekte plante Josef Riehl (1842 – 1917).
The railway was the most directly noticeable feature of progress for a large part of the population. The railway viaducts, built from Höttinger Breccie from the nearby quarry, put a physical and visible end to the town in the east towards Pradl. But the railway did not just change the country from a purely technical perspective. It also brought immense social change. The railway stations along the line revitalised the towns immensely. The station forecourt in Innsbruck became one of the new centres of the city. Workers, students, soldiers and tourists flocked to the city in large numbers, bringing with them new lifestyles and ideas. However, not everyone was happy with this development. Shipping on the Inn, until then an important transport route, came to an almost immediate standstill. The small aristocracy, which had already been severely plucked after 1848, and particularly strict clerics feared the collapse of local agriculture and the final decline in morals caused by the foreigners in the city.
By 1870, Innsbruck's population had risen from 12,000 to 17,000, mainly due to the economic stimulus provided by the railway. Local producers benefited from the opportunity to import and export goods cheaply and quickly. The labour market changed. Before the railway lines opened, 9 out of 10 Tyroleans worked in agriculture. With the opening of the Brenner railway, this figure fell to less than 70%.
Für den Tourismus war die Bahn Gold wert. Es war nun möglich, die abgelegene und exotische Bergwelt der Alpen Tirols zu erreichen. Kurorte wie Igls und ganze Täler wie das Stubaital, aber auch der Innsbrucker Stadtverkehr profitierten von der Entwicklung der Bahn. 1904 Jahre später verband die Stubaitalbahn als erste österreichische Bahn mit Wechselstrom das Seitental mit der Hauptstadt. Am 24.12.1904 wurden 780.000 Kronen, umgerechnet etwa 6 Millionen Euro, als Kapitalstock für die Straßenbahnlinie 1 gezeichnet. Im Sommer des Folgejahres verband die Linie die neuen Stadtteile Pradl und Wilten mit dem Saggen und der Innenstadt. Drei Jahre später eröffnete mit der Line 3 die nächste innerstädtische Verbindung des öffentlichen Verkehrs, die erst 1942 nach dem Anschluss von Amras an Innsbruck bis ins abgelegene Dorf führte.
The new means of transport contributed to the democratisation and bourgeoisification of society. Not only for wealthy tourists, but also for subjects who did not belong to the upper class, the railway made excursions into the surrounding area possible. New foods changed people's diet. The first department stores emerged with the appearance of consumer goods that were previously unavailable. The appearance of the people of Innsbruck changed with new, fashionable clothing, which became affordable for many for the first time. The transport of goods on the Inn received its final death blow. In the 1870s, the city's last raft unloading site, where Waltherpark in St. Nikolaus is located today, was closed.
The Die Bundesbahndirektion der K.u.K. General-Direction der österreichischen Staatsbahnen in Innsbruck was one of only three directorates in Cisleithania. New social classes were created by the railway as an employer. People from all walks of life were needed to keep the railway running. Workers and craftsmen were able to climb the social ladder at the railway, similar to the state administration or the military. New professions such as railway attendant, conductor, stoker or engine driver emerged. Working for the railway brought with it a certain prestige. Not only were you part of the most modern industry of the time, the titles and uniforms turned employees and workers into respected figures.
The railway was also of great importance to the military. As early as 1866, at the Battle of Königgrätz between Austria and Prussia, it was clear how important troop transport would be in the future. Until 1918, Austria was a huge empire that stretched from Vorarlberg and Tyrol in the south-west to Galicia, an area in what is now Poland, and Ukraine in the east. The Brenner Railway was needed to reinforce the turbulent southern border with its new neighbour, the Kingdom of Italy. Tyrolean soldiers were also deployed in Galicia during the first years of the First World War until Italy declared war on Austria. When the front line was opened up in South Tyrol, the railway was important for moving troops quickly from the east of the empire to the southern front.
Carl von Etzel, who did not live to see the opening of the Brenner railway, is commemorated today by Ing.-Etzel-Straße in Saggen along the railway viaducts. Josef Riehl is commemorated by Dr.-Ing.-Riehl-Straße in Wilten near the Westbahnhof railway station. There is also a street dedicated to Achilles Thommen. As a walker or cyclist, you can cross the Karwendel Bridge in the Höttinger Au one floor below the Karwendel railway and admire the steel framework. You can get a good impression of the golden age of the railway by visiting the ÖBB administration building in Saggen or the listed Westbahnhof railway station in Wilten. In the viaduct arches in Saggen, you can enjoy Innsbruck's nightlife in one of the many pubs covered by history.
Tourism: From Alpine summer retreat to Piefke Saga
In the 1990s, an Austrian television series caused a scandal. The Piefke Saga written by the Tyrolean author Felix Mitterer, describes the relationship between the German holidaymaker family Sattmann and their hosts in a fictitious Tyrolean holiday resort in four bizarrely amusing episodes. Despite all the scepticism about tourism in its current, sometimes extreme, excesses, it should not be forgotten that tourism was an important factor in Innsbruck and the surrounding area in the 19th century, driving the region's development in the long term, and not just economically.
The first travellers to Innsbruck were pilgrims and business people. Traders, journeymen on the road, civil servants, soldiers, entourages of aristocratic guests at court, skilled workers from various trades, miners, clerics, pilgrims and scientists were the first tourists to be drawn to the city between Italy and Germany. Travelling was expensive, dangerous and arduous. In addition, a large proportion of the subjects were not allowed to leave their own land without the permission of their landlord or abbot. Those who travelled usually did so on the cobbler's pony. Although Innsbruck's inns and innkeepers were already earning money from travellers in the Middle Ages and early modern times, there was no question of tourism as we understand it today. It began when a few crazy travellers were drawn to the mountain peaks for the first time. In addition to a growing middle class, this also required a new attitude towards the Alps. For a long time, the mountains had been a pure threat to people. It was mainly the British who set out to conquer the world's mountains after the oceans. From the late 18th century, the era of Romanticism, news of the natural beauty of the Alps spread through travelogues. The first foreign-language travel guide to Tyrol, Travells through the Rhaetian Alps by Jean Francois Beaumont was published in 1796.
In addition to the alpine attraction, it was the wild and exotic Natives Tirols, die international für Aufsehen sorgten. Der bärtige Revoluzzer namens Andreas Hofer, der es mit seinem Bauernheer geschafft hatte, Napoleons Armee in die Knie zu zwingen, erzeugte bei den Briten, den notorischen Erzfeinden der Franzosen, ebenso großes Interesse wie bei deutschen Nationalisten nördlich der Alpen, die in ihm einen frühen Protodeutschen sahen. Die Tiroler galten als unbeugsamer Menschenschlag, archetypisch und ungezähmt, ähnlich den Germanen unter Arminius, die das Imperium Romanum herausgefordert hatten. Die Beschreibungen Innsbrucks aus der Feder des Autors Beda Weber (1798 – 1858) und andere Reiseberichte in der boomenden Presselandschaft dieser Zeit trugen dazu bei, ein attraktives Bild Innsbrucks zu prägen.
Nun mussten die wilden Alpen nur noch der Masse an Touristen zugänglich gemacht werden, die zwar gerne den frühen Abenteurern auf ihren Expeditionen nacheifern wollten, deren Risikobereitschaft und Fitness mit den Wünschen nicht schritthalten konnten. Der German Alpine Club eröffnete 1869 eine Sektion Innsbruck, nachdem der 1862 Österreichische Alpenverein was not very successful. Driven by the Greater German idea of many members, the two institutions merged in 1873. Alpine Club is still bourgeois to this day, while its social democratic counterpart is the Naturfreunde. The network of paths grew as a result of its development, as did the number of huts that could accommodate guests. The transit country of Tyrol had countless mule tracks and footpaths that had existed for centuries and served as the basis for alpinism. Small inns, farms and stations along the postal routes served as accommodation. The Tyrolean theologian Franz Senn (1831 - 1884) and the writer Adolf Pichler (1819 - 1900) were instrumental in the surveying of Tyrol and the creation of maps. Contrary to popular belief, the Tyroleans were not born mountaineers, but had to be taught the skills to conquer the mountains. Until then, mountains had been one thing above all: dangerous and arduous in everyday agricultural life. Climbing them had hardly occurred to anyone before. The Alpine clubs also trained mountain guides. From the turn of the century, skiing came into fashion alongside hiking and mountaineering. There were no lifts yet, and to get up the mountains you had to use the skins that are still glued to touring skis today. It was not until the 1920s, following the construction of the cable cars on the Nordkette and Patscherkofel mountains, that a wealthy clientele was able to enjoy the modern luxury of mountain lifts while skiing.
New hotels, cafés, inns, shops and means of transport were needed to satisfy the needs of guests. Until the 19th century, innkeepers in the city and in the villages around Innsbruck belonged to the upper middle class in terms of income. In many cases, they were farmers who ran a pub on the side and sold food. As the example of Andreas Hofer shows, they also had a good reputation and influence within local society. As meeting places for the locals and hubs for postal and goods traffic, they were often well informed about what was happening in the wider world. However, as they were neither members of a guild nor counted among the middle classes, the profession of innkeeper was not one of the most honourable professions. This changed with the professionalisation of the tourism industry. Entrepreneurs such as Robert Nißl, who took over Büchsenhausen Castle in 1865 and converted it into a brewery, invested in the infrastructure. Former aristocratic residences such as Weiherburg Castle became inns and hotels. The revolution in Innsbruck did not take place on the barricades in 1848, but in tourism a few decades later, when resourceful citizens replaced the aristocracy as owners of castles such as Büchsenhausen and Weiherburg.
With the Grand Hotel Europa had also opened a first-class hotel in Innsbruck in 1869, replacing the often outdated inns in the historic city centre as the accommodation of choice. This was followed in 1892 by the contemporary Reformhotel Habsburger Hof a second large company. The Habsburg Court already offered its guests electric light, an absolute sensation. Also located at the railway station was the Arlberger Hof. What would be seen as a competitive disadvantage today was a selling point at the time. Railway stations were the centres of modern cities. Station squares were not overcrowded transport hubs as they are today, but sophisticated and well-kept places in front of the architecturally sophisticated halls where the trains arrived.
The number of guests increased slowly but steadily. Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, Innsbruck had 200,000 guests. In June 1896, the Innsbrucker Nachrichten:
„Der Fremdenverkehr in Innsbruck bezifferte sich im Monat Mai auf 5647 Personen. Darunter befanden sich (außer 2763 Reisenden aus Oesterreich-Ungarn) 1974 Reichsdeutsche, 282 Engländer, 65 Italiener, 68 Franzosen, 53 Amerikaner, 51 Russen und 388 Personen aus verschiedenen anderen Ländern.“
In addition to the number of travellers who had an impact on life in the small town of Innsbruck, it was also the internationality of the visitors who gradually gave Innsbruck a new look. In addition to the purely touristic infrastructure, the development of general innovations was also accelerated. The wealthy guests could hardly socialise in pubs with cesspits behind their houses. Of course, a sewerage system would have been on the agenda anyway, but the economic factor of tourism made it possible and accelerated the release of funds for the major projects at the turn of the century. This not only changed the appearance of the town, but also people's everyday and working lives. Resourceful entrepreneurs such as Heinrich Menardi managed to expand the value chain to include paid holiday pleasures in addition to board and lodging. In 1880, he opened the Lohnkutscherei und Autovermietung Heinrich Menardi for excursions in the Alpine surroundings. Initially with carriages, and after the First World War with coaches and cars, wealthy tourists were chauffeured as far as Venice. The company still exists today and is now based in the Menardihaus at Wilhelm-Greil-Strasse 17 opposite Landhausplatz, even though over time the transport and trading industry shifted to the more lucrative property sector. Local trade also benefited from the wealthy clientele from abroad.
Innsbruck and the surrounding towns were also known for spa holidays, the predecessor of today's wellness, where well-heeled clients recovered from a wide variety of illnesses in an Alpine environment. The Igler Hof, back then Grandhotel Igler Hof and the Sporthotel Igls, still partly exude the chic of that time. Michael Obexer, the founder of the spa town of Igls and owner of the Grand Hotel, was a tourism pioneer. There were two spas in Egerdach near Amras and in Mühlau. The facilities were not as well-known as the hotspots of the time in Bad Ischl, Marienbad or Baden near Vienna, as can be seen on old photos and postcards, but the treatments with brine, steam, gymnastics and even magnetism were in line with the standards of the time, some of which are still popular with spa and wellness holidaymakers today. Bad Egerdach near Innsbruck had been known as a healing spring since the 17th century. The spring was said to cure gout, skin diseases, anaemia and even the nervous disorder known in the 19th century as neurasthenia, the predecessor of burnout. The institution's chapel still exists today opposite the SOS Children's Village. The bathing establishment in Mühlau has existed since 1768 and was converted into an inn and spa in the style of the time in the course of the 19th century. The former bathing establishment is now a residential building worth seeing in Anton-Rauch-Straße. However, the most spectacular tourist project that Innsbruck ever experienced was probably Hoch Innsbruck, today's Hungerburg. Not only the Hungerburg railway and hotels, but even its own lake was created here after the turn of the century to attract guests.
One of the former owners of the land of the Hungerburg and Innsbruck tourism pioneer, Richard von Attlmayr, was significantly involved in the predecessor of today's tourism association. Since 1881, the Innsbruck Beautification Association to satisfy the increasing needs of guests. The association took care of the construction of hiking and walking trails, the installation of benches and the development of impassable areas such as the Mühlauer Klamm or the Sillschlucht gorge. The striking green benches along many paths are a reminder of the still existing association. 1888 years later, the profiteers of tourism in Innsbruck founded the Commission for the promotion of tourismthe predecessor of today's tourism association. By joining forces in advertising and quality assurance at the accommodation establishments, the individual businesses hoped to further boost tourism.
„Alljährlich mehrt sich die Zahl der überseeischen Pilger, die unser Land und dessen gletscherbekrönte Berge zum Verdrusse unserer freundnachbarlichen Schweizer besuchen und manch klingenden Dollar zurücklassen. Die Engländer fangen an Tirol ebenso interessant zu finden wie die Schweiz, die Zahl der Franzosen und Niederländer, die den Sommer bei uns zubringen, mehrt sich von Jahr zu Jahr.“
Postkarten waren die ersten massentauglichen Influencer der Tourismusgeschichte. Viele Betriebe ließen ihre eigenen Postkarten drucken. Verlage produzierten unzählige Sujets der beliebtesten Sehenswürdigkeiten der Stadt. Es ist interessant zu sehen, was damals als sehenswert galt und auf den Karten abgebildet wurde. Anders als heute waren es vor allem die zeitgenössisch modernen Errungenschaften der Stadt: der Leopoldbrunnen, das Stadtcafé beim Theater, die Kettenbrücke, die Zahnradbahn auf die Hungerburg oder die 1845 eröffnete Stefansbrücke an der Brennerstraße, die als Steinbogen aus Quadern die Sill überquerte, waren die Attraktionen. Auch Andreas Hofer war ein gut funktionierendes Testimonial auf den Postkarten: Der Gasthof Schupfen in dem Andreas Hofer sein Hauptquartier hatte und der Berg Isel mit dem großen Andreas-Hofer-Denkmal waren gerne abgebildete Motive.
1914 gab es in Innsbruck 17 Hotels, die Gäste anlockten. Dazu kamen die Sommer- und Winterfrischler in Igls und dem Stubaital. Der Erste Weltkrieg ließ die erste touristische Welle mit einem Streich versanden. Gerade als sich der Fremdenverkehr Ende der 1920er Jahre langsam wieder erholt hatte, kamen mit der Wirtschaftskrise und Hitlers 1000 Mark blockThe next setback came in 1933, when he tried to put pressure on the Austrian government to end the ban on the NSDAP.
It required the Economic miracle in the 1950s and 1960s to revitalise tourism in Innsbruck after the destruction. After the arduous war years and the reconstruction of the European economy, Tyrol and Innsbruck were able to slowly but steadily establish tourism as a stable source of income, even away from the official hotels and guesthouses. Many Innsbruck families moved together in their already cramped flats to supplement their household budgets by renting out beds to guests from abroad. Tourism not only brought in foreign currency, but also enabled the locals to create a new image of themselves both internally and externally. The war enemies of past decades became guests and hosts.
Wilhelm Greil: DER Bürgermeister Innsbrucks
Einer der wichtigsten Akteure der Stadtgeschichte war Wilhelm Greil (1850 – 1923). Von 1896 bis 1923 bekleidete der Unternehmer das Amt des Bürgermeisters, nachdem er vorher bereits als Vizebürgermeister die Geschicke der Stadt mitgestaltet hatte. Es war die Zeit des Wachstums, der Eingemeindung ganzer Stadtviertel, technischer Innovationen und neuer Medien. Die vier Jahrzehnte zwischen der Wirtschaftskrise 1873 und dem Ersten Weltkrieg von einem nie dagewesenen Wirtschaftswachstum und einer rasenden Modernisierung gekennzeichnet. Private Investitionen in Infrastruktur wie Eisenbahn, Energie und Strom waren vom Staat gewünscht und wurden steuerlich begünstigt, um die Länder und Städte der kränkelnden Donaumonarchie in die Moderne zu führen. Die Wirtschaft der Stadt boomte. Betriebe in den neuen Stadtteilen Pradl und Wilten entstanden und lockten Arbeitskräfte an. Auch der Tourismus brachte frisches Kapital in die Stadt. Die Ansammlung an Menschen auf engstem Raum unter teils prekären Hygieneverhältnissen brachte gleichzeitig aber auch Probleme mit sich. Besonders die Randbezirke der Stadt und die umliegenden Dörfer wurden regelmäßig von Typhus heimgesucht.
Innsbruck city politics, in which Greil was active, was characterised by the struggle between liberal and conservative forces. Greil belonged to the "Deutschen Volkspartei", a liberal and national-Great German party. What appears to be a contradiction today, liberal and national, was a politically common and well-functioning pair of ideas in the 19th century. The Pan-Germanism was not a political peculiarity of a radical right-wing minority, but rather a centrist trend, particularly in German-speaking cities in the Reich, which was significant in various forms across almost all parties until after the Second World War. Innsbruckers who were self-respecting did not describe themselves as Austrians, but as Germans. Those who were members of the liberal Innsbrucker Nachrichten of the period around the turn of the century, you will find countless articles in which the common ground between the German Empire and the German-speaking countries was made the topic of the day, while distancing themselves from other ethnic groups within the multinational Habsburg Empire. Greil was a skilful politician who operated within the predetermined power structures of his time. He knew how to skilfully manoeuvre around the traditional powers, the monarchy and the clergy and to come to terms with them.
Taxes, social policy, education, housing and the design of public spaces were discussed with passion and fervour. Due to an electoral system based on voting rights via property classes, only around 10% of the entire population of Innsbruck were able to go to the ballot box. Women were excluded as a matter of principle. Relative suffrage applied within the three electoral bodies, which meant as much as: The winner takes it all. Mass parties such as the Social Democrats were unable to assert themselves until the electoral law reform of the First Republic. Conservatives also had a hard time in Innsbruck due to the composition of the population, especially until the incorporation of Wilten and Pradl. Mayor Greil was able to build on 100% support in the municipal council, which naturally made decision-making and steering much easier. For all the efficiency that Innsbruck mayors displayed on the surface, it should not be forgotten that this was only possible because, as part of an elite of entrepreneurs, tradesmen and freelancers, they ruled in a kind of elected dictatorship without any significant opposition or consideration for other population groups such as labourers, craftsmen and employees. The Imperial Municipalities Act of 1862 gave cities such as Innsbruck, and therefore the mayors, greater powers. It is hardly surprising that the chain of office that Greil received from his colleagues in the municipal council on his 60th birthday was remarkably similar to the medal chains of the old nobility.
Unter Greils Ägide und dem allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung, angeheizt von privaten Investitionen, erweiterte sich Innsbruck im Eiltempo. Der Gemeinderat kaufte ganz im Stil eines Kaufmanns vorausschauend Grund an, um der Stadt Neuerungen zu ermöglichen. Der Politiker Greil konnte sich bei den großen Bauprojekten der Zeit auf die Beamten und Stadtplaner Eduard Klingler, Jakob Albert und Theodor Prachensky stützen. Infrastrukturprojekte wie das neue Rathaus in der Maria-Theresienstraße 1897, die Eröffnung der Mittelgebirgsbahn, die Hungerburgbahn und die Karwendelbahn were realised during his reign. Other highly visible milestones were the renovation of the market square and the construction of the market hall.
In addition to the prestigious large-scale projects, however, many inconspicuous revolutions emerged in the last decades of the 19th century. Much of what was driven forward in the second half of the 19th century is part of everyday life today. For the people of the time, however, these things were a real sensation and life-changing. Greil's predecessor, Mayor Heinrich Falk (1840 - 1917), had already made a significant contribution to the modernisation of the town and the settlement of Saggen. Since 1859, the lighting of the town with gas pipelines had progressed steadily. With the growth of the town and modernisation, the cesspits, which served as privies in the back yards of houses and were sold to surrounding farmers as fertiliser after being emptied, became an unreasonable burden for more and more people. In 1880, the RaggingThe city was responsible for the emptying of the lavatories. Two pneumatic machines were to make the process at least a little more hygienic. Between 1887 and 1891, Innsbruck was equipped with a modern high-pressure water pipeline, which could also be used to supply fresh water to flats on higher floors. For those who could afford it, this was the first opportunity to install a flush toilet in their own home.
Greil continued this campaign of modernisation. After decades of discussions, the construction of a modern alluvial sewerage system began in 1903. Starting in the city centre, more and more districts were connected to this now commonplace luxury. By 1908, only the Koatlackler Mariahilf and St. Nikolaus were not connected to the sewerage system. The new abattoir in Saggen also improved hygiene and cleanliness in the city. With a few exceptions, poorly controlled farmyard slaughterhouses were a thing of the past. The cattle arrived at the Sillspitz by train and were professionally slaughtered in the modern facility. Greil also transferred the gasworks in Pradl and the power station in Mühlau to municipal ownership. Street lighting was converted from gas lamps to electric lighting in the 20th century. In 1888, the hospital moved from Maria-Theresienstraße to its current location.
The mayor and municipal council were able to Innsbrucker Renaissance In addition to the growing economic power in the pre-war period, the church could also rely on patrons from the middle classes. While technical innovations and infrastructure were the responsibility of the liberals, the care of the poorest remained with clerically-minded forces, although no longer with the church itself. Baron Johann von Sieberer donated the old people's asylum and the orphanage in Saggen. Leonhard Lang donated the building, previously used as a hotel, to which the town hall moved from the old town in 1897, in return for the town's promise to build a home for apprentices.
In contrast to the booming pre-war era, the period after 1914 was characterised by crisis management. In his final years in office, Greil accompanied Innsbruck through the transition from the Habsburg Monarchy to the Republic, a period characterised above all by hunger, misery, scarcity of resources and insecurity. He was 68 years old when Italian troops occupied the city after the First World War and Tyrol was divided at the Brenner Pass, which was particularly bitter for him as a representative of German nationalism. Although the Social Democrats won their first election in Innsbruck in 1919, Greil remained mayor thanks to the majorities in the municipal council. He died in 1928 as an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck at the age of 78. Wilhelm-Greil-Straße was named after him during his lifetime.
Zug der Mittelgebirgsbahn entgleist
Erschienen: Innsbrucker Nachrichten / 24. Juli 1939
Ein aus einem Triebwagen und vier Anhangern bestebender Zug der Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn, der den Berg-Isel-Bahnhof gestern um 15.15 Uhr verlassen hatte, entgleiste in der Kurve unterbalb der Haltestelle Tantegert. Der Triebwagen und zwei Anhanger sprangen aus den Gleisen. Der Zug prallte gegen einen Mast der elektrischen Oberleitung, der niedergerissen wurde. Glücklicherweise kam bei dem Unfall keiner der Jnsassen des vollbesetzten Zuges ernstlich zu Schaden. Hingegen ist der Materialschaden ziemlich bedeutend, da auch die elektrische Oberleitung zerstört und die Wagen stark beschädigt wurden. Der Zugsverkehr auf der Mittelgebirgsbahn wurde unterbrochen. Mit der Wiederaufnahme ist bereits im Laufe des heutigen Tages zu rechnen. Die Lokalbahn setzte gestern mehrere Omnibusse ein, die die Personenbeförderung nach Jgls übernahmen. Wie einwandfrei feststeht, wurde der Unfall durch Steine verursacht, die vermutlich von Buben auf die Gleise gelegt worden waren. Von der Lokalbahndirektion war wegen ähnlicher Vorfiille, die jedoch bisher ohne Unfall abliefen, die Anzeige erstattet worden. Die Folgen, die derartige verantwortungslose Streiche nach sich ziehen können, zeigt der gestrige, noch glimpflich abgelaufene Unfall.
Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn
Erschienen: Innsbrucker Nachrichten / 27. Juni 1900
In der letzten Woche herrschte an der nun zur Eröffnung gelangenden Mittelgebirgsbahn noch eine besonders rege Thätigkeit. Allenthalben wurde an der vollständigen Fertigstellung der Strecke gearbeitet und besonders auch die Ausgestaltung der Stationsgebäude und Haltestellen in energischer Weise gefördert. Im übrigen zeigte sich der Bahnvor- stand bei der ersten Probefahrt in einem außer- ordentlich vorgeschrittenen Zustande der Vollendung, wenn man bedenkt, daß mit dem Baurechte erst im Monat August v. J. begonnen wurde und daß nahezu der ganze Winterlag, wenn auch nicht von besonderer Milde, den Bau einer Bergbahn doch immerhin in bedeutendem Maße behindert und verzögert. Nun denn, das Werk ist fertig, Damm und Schienenstrang läuft glatt dahin, die Böschungen zeigen sich wie mit Rieselgleise behandelt und vielfach sproßt bereits junges Grün an den Dämmen und Abhängen aus dem aufgeschütteten oder ausgehobenen Erdreich empor.
Die Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgs-Bahn zweigt von der Station Berg Isel der Localbahn Innsbruck- Hall nach Süden ab, übersteigt sogleich in einem Tunnels, durch welchen dann künftig eine Straße durchgeführt wird, zunächst mittels einer Brücke den Wiltenerbach und beschreibt einen großen Halbkreis gegen Westen, um sodann nach dem Sillthale und gleich nachher den Sillfluß selbst zu treten. Von hier verläuft sie längs der alten und im Zuge der Straße aufwärts zur Höhe von Vill, überschreitet die auf der Anhöhe nach Igls und Ambras führende Straße, zieht in mäßiger Steigung von Vill weiter zur neuen Bergbahnstraße (deren Ganglinie ein wenig nach Südost abbiegt) bis nach Igls, woselbst sich bei der neuen Haltestelle ein sehr schöner Ueberblick auf die auf 472 m Seehöhe (bei Kl 4 42) die Halte- und Ausweichstelle Jochatz auch „Innsbrucker Waldbahn“ nennen, mitten in stiller Waldeinsamkeit gelegen, worauf in Steigung bei Kilometer 5,7 die Haltestelle Wirtshaus erreicht wird, von wo sich ein neuer Wagenanschluß zum genannten Hotel hinaufzieht und jetzt in neuerlicher Verbindung mit dem alten Seitental des in den Villnauer Tal von unten herauf Kessel empor, wo bis vor wenigen Jahren der alte, schon erwähnte Bauernhof des Innsbrucker Berg Isel-Tales war. In dieser Kessellage ist wiederum eine Haltestelle und Hütte für die Bahnwarte angelegt worden. Ueber Bäumerücken und Lichtungen der Mittelgebirgswälder, zwischen Feldern und Obstgärten zieht die Bahn nun weiter bis zur Endstation Igls, die nahe der kurz gelegene Station Igls erreicht.
Die Gesamtlänge der Bahn vom Berg Isel bis zur Station Igls beträgt 8,45 Kilometer. Bezüglich der Gefälls-Verhältnisse dürften folgende Angaben von allgemeinerem Interesse erscheinen: Bei Station Berg Isel der Localbahn beginnt die Linie auf einer Seehöhe von 588·4 m; die Endstation Igls liegt 872·5 m über dem Meere, so daß somit ein Höhenunterschied von 272·5 m auf eine Strecke von 8,45 km zu überwinden, was im Mitteldurchschnitt einem Gefälle von 32·29%o betragen. Da der Wagenlauf so im horizontal oder in 15% Curven erfolgt, empfiehlt sich eine Ausweichgleise, die Haltestellen sind sowohl auf der Strecke bis Umkehrplatz beim Wirtshaus als auch nach Igls ganz objectiv so angebracht, daß die Haltestellen von Passagieren auf kurzem Wege zu den bewohnten Ortschaften zu erreichen sind.
Nur zwei bedeutende Viaducte waren zu bauen, so der große Viaduct mit vier Oeffnungen für die Ueberführung über das Sillthal und der kleinere bei Innsbruck-Amtshaus. Auch zwei Tunnelanlagen waren erforderlich, der längere von 42 m bei Kl 2·45 fortlaufend, der andere mit 19 m bei Kl 4·45 kurz ausgemessen; weiterhin eine Reihe von größeren und kleineren Regulirungen zur Wasserableitung und Wasserdurchlass. Außerdem entsprechen an mehreren Stellen (bei Kl 1·42) die Halte- und Ausweichstelle Jochatz.
Für die Ausführung der Bahn mußten ausschließlich Regienarbeiten angenommen, da die besonderen technischen Schwierigkeiten es nahelegten, von einer Vergabe der Arbeiten an Private abzusehen. Umso mehr muß hervorgehoben werden, daß die Direction und der mit dem Bau beschäftigte technische Personal in vorzüglicher Weise gewirkt hat. Die Leitung der Bauausführung war dem städtischen Oberingenieur Josef Riehl anvertraut, welchem der erfahrene Staatsbahn-Insp. R. M. Wilhelm als technischer Berater zur Seite stand, den Bau überragend beteiligten Ingenieur Karl Ammerle aus Bozen und der Bauführer Josef Kirchner aus Matrei, sowie der bereits früher erwähnte und von Ingenieur Riehl in stiller und tüchtiger Arbeit ausgewählte Bauleiter Franz Schaffenrath. Unter dem genannten technischen Commando haben alle am Bau betheiligten Beamten und Arbeiter gearbeitet, wie es in der Folge von der allgemeinen Verkehrsbehörde, als auch von den bei der Probefahrt benutzten Personen-Waggons und dem Fracht-Wagen die größte Zufriedenheit geäußert werden konnte.
Die bedeutendsten Schwierigkeiten erwuchsen bei der Deckung des riesigen Bedarfs an Holz für die Bahnschwellen und die Errichtung von Schutzbauten an verschiedenen Stellen gegen Lawinen und Steinschlag, die auf einer so lange in einsamen Wäldern und buschreichen Thälern sich hinziehenden Bergbahn gerade zu von besonderer Wichtigkeit war. Die Stadt Innsbruck hatte, wobei sie die Holzschläge in ihren sehr umfangreichen Waldungen hinsichtlich des Bedarfs so rationell wie möglich eingerichtet hatte, jedoch immer noch in beachtlichem Maßstab die Frommenwalde und andern bei der Bahnlinie gelegenen Hochwaldungen in Anspruch nehmen müssen, um den gewaltigen Bedarf vollständig zu decken.
Die Gesamtbaukosten der Bahn beliefen sich auf ca. 1,100.000 K. Die Finanzierung erfolgt in der Weise, daß die Stadt Innsbruck 300.000 K. Private 240.000 K. an Anleihenscheinen liefern, während Herr Ingenieur Josef Riehl mit 60.000 K. Stammactien und mit 500.000 K. Staatsbeitrag die Landesbahn für die Stadt übernahm.
Soweit die Uebersicht über diese bemerkenswerte Anlage eines neuen und für die immer steigende Cultur Innsbrucks gewiß recht bedeutenden und segensreichen Werkes, das, in kurzer Zeit vollendet, einstimmen wird in die Reihe großer Bahnprojekte, welche im Hinblick auf die schnelle und leistungsfähige Verbindung der hohen Mittelgebirgsorte mit der Stadt für die Bevölkerung von unschätzbarem Wert erscheinen und vom Central-Bureau unseres Landesverbandes für Fremdenverkehr wurde schon früher durch Notizen in mehr als hundert hervorragenden ausländischen Blättern auf die neue Innsbrucker Bergbahn aufmerksam gemacht sowie auch die Aufnahme derselben in das soeben in XXIX. Auflage erschienene Reisehandbuch von Baedeker veranlaßt.