Ballhaus Innsbruck

Ecke Herzog-Friedrich-Straße / Kiebachgasse

Worth knowing

The narrow yellow building at today’s corner of Herzog-Friedrich-Straße and Kiebachgasse was known in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period as the Ballhaus. Traveling merchants were required to store their bales of goods here during their stay in Innsbruck and load them onto a new wagon. Unlike the other narrow alleys of the old town, the square in front of the Ballhaus was laid out wide to give space for wagons to stop and turn around. These wagon convoys were usually not just a few small vehicles but consisted of up to 20–30 loaded wagons. For Innsbruck, the Ballhaus was an important place. An early, legally established form of forwarding and long-distance trade, known as the Rodfuhrwesen, regulated transit trade between Venice and Augsburg to the benefit of the city and the territorial prince. This system was a major source of income and an important economic factor. The Via Raetia was one of the few Alpine crossings that had already been fortified and made passable for wagons by the 14th century. Merchants who did not cross the Alps with pack animals passed through Innsbruck to a considerable extent. The individual stations along the transport route through Tyrol were spaced 20 to 40 km apart. The next stations from Innsbruck on the trade routes to the south and west were Matrei am Brenner and Telfs. Innsbruck’s Rodfuhr carriers serviced this area as far as Mittenwald. Merchants were not allowed to transport goods on their own wagons; they had to hire local carriers. This created a win-win-win situation between merchants, the city, and Innsbruck’s citizens. Merchants could rely on experienced, local carriers who only had to handle a short, familiar section of the route. The draft animals used were always rested, and merchants benefited from greater safety on the road. Paid and armed carriers guided the flow of goods past dangers and ensured that no one got lost on the hazardous Alpine routes. In the interest of the cities and territorial princes, carriers also ensured that merchants did not use hidden paths to evade tolls or the mandatory unloading of goods along the route. Monitoring this Niederlagsrecht—which generated significant financial income and many jobs—was the responsibility of the city government. It was not only the carriers who earned money from the Rodfuhrwesen: craftsmen, blacksmiths, saddlers, and innkeepers also profited from passing customers. The growing volume of trade soon attracted financial services to the city. Italian merchants established stations and developed early forms of banking through bills of exchange. Innsbruck had arrived in early capitalism—not only as a residential city but also thanks to its location between major German and Italian cities. When Venice lost importance in the eastern Mediterranean after the discovery of America in the 16th century, the Rodfuhrwesen also declined. Europe’s economic centers now lay on the Atlantic, not the Mediterranean. With the construction of the Brenner route between Innsbruck and Matrei via the less steep Schönberg in the 1580s under Ferdinand II, Innsbruck managed to maintain its role as a transit hub for a while longer. In the 18th century, even the internal trade of the Habsburg Empire shifted eastward and was handled between Trieste and Vienna via the Salzburg Alpine passes. Innsbruck increasingly found itself on the western edge of the empire. North–south trade shifted toward Switzerland, where tolls were lower. One could call the Innsbruck carriers the first losers of globalization. The system persisted in a reduced form until 1867 and collapsed completely only with the opening of the railway line over the Brenner.

When Venice lost importance in the eastern Mediterranean after the discovery of America in the 16th century, the Rodfuhrwesen also declined. Europe’s economic centers now lay on the Atlantic, not the Mediterranean. With the construction of the Brenner route between Innsbruck and Matrei via the less steep Schönberg in the 1580s under Ferdinand II, Innsbruck managed to maintain its role as a transit hub for a while longer. In the 18th century, even the internal trade of the Habsburg Empire shifted eastward and was handled between Trieste and Vienna via the Salzburg Alpine passes. Innsbruck increasingly found itself on the western edge of the empire. North–south trade shifted toward Switzerland, where tolls were lower. One could call the Innsbruck carriers the first losers of globalization. The system persisted in a reduced form until 1867 and collapsed completely only with the opening of the railway line over the Brenner.

Medieval and early modern town law

Innsbruck, heute selbsternannte Weltstadt, hatte sich von einem römischen Castell über ein Kloster, zu dem mehrere Weiler gehörten zu einer Marktsiedlung und erst nach Hunderten von Jahren zu einer rechtlich anerkannten Stadt entwickelt. Mit dieser rechtlichen Anerkennung gingen Rechte und Pflichten einher. Verbunden mit dem vom Landesfürsten verliehenen Stadtrecht war das Marktrecht, das Zollrecht und eine eigene Gerichtsbarkeit. Bürger mussten im Gegenzug den Bürgereid leisten, der zu Steuern und Wehrdienst verpflichtete und die Stadt mit Mauer und Wehranlage sichern. Ab 1511 war der Stadtrat auch verpflichtet, laut dem Landlibell Kaiser Maximilians ein Kontingent an Wehrpflichtigen im Falle der Landesverteidigung zu stellen. Darüber hinaus gab es Freiwillige, die sich im Freifähnlein der Stadt zum Kriegsdienst melden konnten, so waren zum Beispiel bei der Türkenbelagerung Wiens 1529 auch Innsbrucker unter den Stadtverteidigern. Der Sold war vor allem für die ärmeren Bürger reizvoll. Die Stadtbürger unterlagen damit nicht mehr direkt dem Landesfürsten, sondern der städtischen Gerichtsbarkeit, zumindest innerhalb der Stadtmauern. Das geflügelte Wort "Stadtluft macht frei" rührt daher, dass man nach einem Jahr in der Stadt von allen Verbindlichkeiten seines ehemaligen Herrn frei war. Faktisch war es der Übergang von einem Rechtsystem in ein anderes. Um 1500 änderte sich die Situation im Zuzug. Der Platz war eng geworden im neuen, rasch wachsenden Innsbruck unter Maximilian I. Es war nur noch freien Untertanen aus ehelicher Geburt möglich, das Stadtrecht zu erlangen. Nicht mehr jeder durfte in die Stadt ziehen. Kaufleute und Finanziers verzichteten auf dieses Recht meist, war es doch mit allerhand Pflichten verbunden, die bei den mobilen Schichten dieser Zeit die Anreize weit überstiegen. Um Stadtbürger zu werden, mussten entweder Hausbesitz oder Fähigkeiten in einem Handwerk nachgewiesen werden, an der die Zünfte der Stadt interessiert waren. Diese Handwerkszünfte übten teilweise eine eigene Gerichtsbarkeit neben der städtischen Gerichtsbarkeit unter ihren Mitgliedern aus. Löhne, Preise und das soziale Leben wurden von den Zünften unter Aufsicht des Landesfürsten geregelt. Man könnte von einer frühen Sozialpartnerschaft sprechen, sorgten die Zünfte doch auch für die soziale Sicherheit ihrer Mitglieder bei Krankheit oder Berufsunfähigkeit. Die einzelnen Gewerbe wie Schlosser, Gerber, Plattner, Tischler, Bäcker, Metzger oder Schmiede hatten jeweils ihre Zunft, der ein Meister vorstand. Es waren soziale Strukturen innerhalb der Stadtstruktur, die großen Einfluss auf die Politik hatten, konnten sie das Wahlverhalten ihrer Mitglieder stark mitbestimmen. Handwerker zählten, anders als Bauen, zu den mobilen Schichten im Mittelalter und der frühen Neuzeit. Sie gingen nach der Lehrzeit auf die Walz, bevor sie sich der Meisterprüfung unterzogen und entweder nach Hause zurückkehrten oder sich in einer anderen Stadt niederließen. Über Handwerker erfolgte nicht nur Wissenstransfer, auch kulturelle, soziale und politische Ideen verbreiteten sich in Europa durch sie. Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert besaß Innsbruck nachweisbar einen Stadtrat und einen Bürgermeister, der von der Bürgerschaft jährlich gewählt wurde. Es waren anderes als heute keine geheimen, sondern öffentliche Wahlen, die alljährlich rund um die Weihnachtszeit abgehalten wurden. Da nicht jeder Einwohner Bürger war, kann man auch nicht von einer Demokratie sprechen, eher war es eine Wahl der Oberschicht, die ihre Vertreter wählte. Im Innsbrucker Geschichtsalmanach von 1948 findet man Aufzeichnungen über die Wahl des Jahres 1598.

The Feast of St. Erhard, i.e., January 8th, played a significant role in the lives of the citizens of Innsbruck each year. On this day, they gathered to elect the city officials, namely the mayor, city judge, public orator, and the twelve-member council. A detailed account of the election process between 1598 and 1607 is provided by a protocol preserved in the city archive: "... The ringing of the great bell summoned the council and the citizenry to the town hall, and once the honorable council and the entire community were assembled at the town hall, the honorable council first convened in the council chamber and heard the farewell of the outgoing mayor of the previous year, Augustin Tauscher."

Der Bürgermeister vertrat die Stadt gegenüber den anderen Ständen und dem Landesfürsten, der die Oberherrschaft über die Stadt je nach Epoche mal mehr, mal weniger intensiv ausübte. Jeder Stadtrat hatte eigene, klar zugeteilte Aufgaben zu erfüllen wie die Überwachung des Marktrechts, die Betreuung des Spitals und der Armenfürsorge oder die für Innsbruck besonders wichtige Zollordnung. Bei all diesen politischen Vorgängen sollte man sich stets in Erinnerung rufen, dass Innsbruck im 16. Jahrhundert etwa 5000 Einwohner hatte, von denen nur ein kleiner Teil das Bürgerrecht besaß. Besitzlose, fahrendes Volk, Erwerbslose, Dienstboten, Diplomaten, Angestellte, ab dem 17. Jahrhundert Studenten, leider auch Frauen waren keine wahlberechtigten Bürger. Die Wahlen basierten also auf persönlichen Verbindlichkeiten und Bekanntschaften in dieser kleinen Gemeinde. Ebenfalls ab dem 14. Jahrhundert mussten die Steuern, die von den Bürgern gezahlt wurden, nicht mehr an den Landesfürsten weitergegeben werden. Es gab eine fixe Abgabe von der Stadt an den Landesfürsten. Welche Gruppe innerhalb der Stadt welche Steuer zu bezahlen hatte, konnte die Stadtregierung selbst festlegen. Die Differenz zwischen den Einnahmen und den Ausgaben durfte die Stadt nach ihrem Gutdünken verwalten. Zu den Ausgaben neben der Verteidigung gehörte die Armenfürsorge. Notleidende Bürger konnten in der „Siedelküche" meals, if they had the civil rights. Building rights were also the responsibility of the city administration. As in most medieval towns, the wooden buildings within the town walls fell victim to flames more often than the inhabitants would have liked. Another point that was regulated in the town charter was the right to organise markets. The town had control over the goods on offer and their quantity and quality. Bread, for example, was sold by the "Bred guardian" were weighed in the bread bank in the town hall to prevent usury, which was a punishable offence. Interestingly, the town council could also appoint the pastor. Pastoral care was a real need, so the quality of the sermon or choir singing was very important. Compliance with religious order was also monitored by the city. Heretics and theologically rebellious people were not reprimanded by the church, but by the city government and, in some cases, even sent to prison.

In addition to the taxes that citizens had to pay, customs duties were an important source of income for Innsbruck. Customs duties were levied at the city gate at the Inn bridge. There were two types of customs duty. The small duty was based on the number of draught animals in the wagon, the large duty on the type and quantity of goods. The customs revenue was shared between Innsbruck and Hall. Hall had the task of maintaining the Inn bridge. With the increasing centralisation under Maria Theresa and Joseph II, taxes and customs duties were gradually centralised and collected by the Imperial Court Chamber. As a result, Innsbruck, like many municipalities at the time, lost a large amount of revenue, which was only partially compensated for by equalisation.

Contrary to popular belief, the Middle Ages were not a lawless time of arbitrariness. In Innsbruck, as well as in the province of Tyrol, there was a code that regulated right and wrong as well as the rights and duties of citizens very precisely. These regulations changed according to the customs of the time. The penal system also included less humane methods than are common today, but torture was not used indiscriminately and arbitrarily. However, torture was also regulated as part of the procedure in particularly serious cases. Until the 17th century, suspects and criminals in Innsbruck were held and tortured in the herb tower at the south-east corner of the city wall, on today's Herzog-Otto-Ufer. The medieval court days were held at the "Dingstätte" is held outdoors. The tradition of the Thing goes back to the old Germanic Thingwhere all free men gathered to dispense justice. The city council appointed a judge who was responsible for all offences that were not subject to the blood court. Punishments ranged from fines to pillorying and imprisonment. There was no police force, but the town magistrate employed servants and town watchmen were posted at the town gates to keep the peace. It was a civic duty to help catch criminals. Vigilante justice was forbidden. Serious crimes such as theft, murder and arson were subject to the blood law. The provincial court still had jurisdiction over these offences. In the case of Innsbruck, the provincial court was on the Sonnenburgwhich was located south above Innsbruck. From 1817 - 1887 the Leuthaus the seat of the court judge at Wilten Abbey (67). Over the years, the places of execution were located in several places, usually outside the town walls. For a long time, a gallows was set up on a hill in today's Dreiheiligen district next to the main road that ran past here. The corpses were often left hanging for a long time as a deterrent. The Köpflplatz befand sich an der heutigen Weiherburggasse in AnpruggenIt was not uncommon for the condemned man to give his executioner a kind of tip so that he would endeavour to aim as accurately as possible in order to make the execution as painless as possible. Sensational delinquents such as the "heretic" Jakob Hutter (87) or the captured leaders of the peasant uprisings of 1525 and 1526 were executed before the Goldenen Dachl executed in a manner suitable for the public. "Embarrassing" punishments such as quartering or wheeling, from the Latin word poena were not the order of the day, but could be ordered in special cases. From the late 15th century, Innsbruck's executioner was centralised and responsible for several courts and was based in Hall. Executions were a public demonstration of the authorities' power. It was seen as a way of cleansing society of criminals. The executed were buried outside the consecrated area of the cemeteries.

With the centralisation of law under Maria Theresa and Joseph II in the 18th century and the General Civil Code in the 19th century under Franz I, the law passed from cities and sovereigns to the monarch and their administrative bodies at various levels. Under Joseph II, the death penalty was even suspended for a short time. Torture had already been abolished before then. The Enlightenment had fundamentally changed the concept of justice, punishment and rehabilitation. While it had previously been a criminal offence and sometimes punished with the pillory or worse if a woman gave birth to an illegitimate child, this was no longer a criminal offence. The children were handed over to Catholic foster parents or an orphanage. The Christian morals of the people did not follow suit with the law. Women remained marginalised until well into the 20th century, even though a significant proportion of children were illegitimate. Goethe's Faust recounts the fate of one such woman who killed herself out of shame. The collection of taxes was also centralised, which resulted in a great loss of importance for the local nobility and an increase in the status of civil servants. The new legal concepts also gradually changed the urban landscape. The herb tower as a dungeon became obsolete; instead, a penitentiary was needed, today's Turnus clubhousein St Nicholas.

The development of the legal system to the one we have today in the Republic of Austria and its cities was a long process. While the mayor and the city council are still elected, the judge is appointed at the district court. The employees of the city magistrate are hardly civil servants any more and the young citizens' party, to which the city invites its youngest members on their coming of age, is not very festive or even significant. There are also no more guilds. However, the dispute over who is a "real" Innsbrucker and who is not is a continuity that has persisted to this day. Unfortunately, it is often forgotten that migration and exchange with others have always guaranteed prosperity and made Innsbruck the liveable city it is today.

The power of geography

What most visitors to Innsbruck notice first and foremost are the mountains that seem to encircle the city. The mountains are not only beautiful to look at, but have always influenced many things in the city. This starts with supposedly small things like the weather, as the writer and politician Beda Webers' view from days gone by proves:

""The warm wind or scirocco is a special phenomenon. It comes from the south, bounces off the northern mountains and falls with force into the valley. It likes to cause headaches, but it melts the winter snow quickly and promotes fertility immensely. This makes it possible to plant maize in Innsbruck""

This weather phenomenon may take its name from Scirocco and traffic was not yet a major problem in 1851. However, just like the Innsbruck car driver today, the blacksmith in the old town in 1450 and the legionnaire sent from central Italy to the Alps in 350 were certainly complaining about the warm downdraught, which seems to drive everyone crazy several times a month. In the past, people were happy about the warm air that melted the snow in the fields, whereas today's tourists moan about the apery ski slopes on the Seegrube.

The location between the Wipptal valley in the south and the Nordkette mountain range not only influences the frequency of migraines, but also the leisure activities of Innsbruck residents, as Weber also recognised. "The locals are characterised by their cheerfulness and charity, they especially love shore excursions in the beautiful season." One may talk about Kindness and benevolence der Innsbrucker streiten, Landausflüge in Form von Wanderung, Skitour oder Radfahren erfreuen sich auch heute noch großer Beliebtheit. Kein Wunder, Innsbruck ist von Bergen umgeben. Innerhalb weniger Minuten kann man von jedem Ort in der Stadt aus mitten im Wald stehen. Junge Menschen aus ganz Europa verbringen ihre Studienzeit zumindest zu einem Teil an der Universität Innsbruck, nicht nur wegen der hervorragenden Professoren und Einrichtungen, sondern auch um ihre Freizeit auf den Pisten, Mountainbikerouten und Wanderwegen zu verbringen, ohne auf urbanes Flair vermissen zu müssen. Das ist Fluch und Segen zugleich. Die Universität als großer Arbeitgeber und Ausbildungsort kurbelt die Wirtschaft an, gleichzeitig steigen durch auswärtige Studenten die Lebenserhaltungskosten in der Stadt, die zwischen den Bergen eingeklemmt nicht weiterwachsen kann.

Was heute als Einschränkung im räumlichen Wachstum verstanden werden kann, war einst der Grund für das Wachstum. Innsbruck hatte das große Glück, durch die nahen Berge an frisches Trinkwasser zu kommen. Im 15. Jahrhundert zapfte man die Nordkette an, um die Stadt mit Trinkwasser zu versorgen. 1485 ließ der Gemeinderat die Quelle in Gramart beim heutigen Katzenbründlweg östlich der Hungerburg mit einer Leitung in die Stadt verlegen. Mit bis zu vier Meter langen Röhren aus Lärchenholz führte man das saubere Wasser in den Talboden. Bei der Innbrücke zweigte die Leitung links und rechts nach Mariahilf und St. Nikolaus sowie über den Inn in die Stadt und die Neustadt. Bis zur Erbauung dieses kleinen technischen Meisterwerks war Innsbruck wie andere Städte vom Wasser in den Brunnen abhängig. Das Wasser war häufig abgestanden und voll mit Krankheitserregern. Bier und Wein galten nicht umsonst als ungefährlicheres Alltagsgetränk als Wasser. Die Pest konnte man damit zwar nicht dauerhaft fernhalten, Typhus und Cholera waren aber weniger weit verbreitet als in anderen Städten. Nicht nur des Trinkwassers wegen stieg Innsbruck im 15. Jahrhundert von einem kleinen Handelsstützpunkt zur Residenzstadt der Tiroler Landesfürsten auf. Der Brennerpass ist sehr niedrig und erlaubt es, den Alpengürtel, der sich rund um Italiens Nordgrenze schlängelt, verhältnismäßig einfach zu überqueren. In den Zeiten vor die Eisenbahn Waren und Menschen mühelos von A nach B brachte, war die Alpenüberquerung harte Arbeit, der Brenner eine willkommene Erleichterung. Zwischen 1239 und 1303 war Innsbruck die einzige Stadt zwischen „Mellach and Ziller“ in the central Inn Valley, which had the princely right of settlement. Here, goods had to be transferred from one cart to the next within the regulated cartage system, an enormous advantage for Innsbruck's economy. Innsbruck was not quite as rich as Bolzano and had no political significance until the early 15th century, but became one of the most important transport and trade hubs in the Alpine region The former provincial capital of Merano had no chance against the city on the Inn between Brenner, Scharnitz and the Achen Pass in the long term due to its remoteness. Its location in the Alps also favoured tourism, which gained a foothold from the 1860s at the latest. Travellers appreciated the combination of easy accessibility, urban infrastructure and Alpine flair. With the development of the mountainous region by railway, it was easy to travel and spend leisure time in the mountains or at one of the spas without having to forego the comforts of city life. By the time they were tamed by the railway, the Alps had gone from being a source of problems to an economic factor. Gone were the times characterised by difficult agriculture; yesterday's enemy became a saviour.

Neben den Bergen waren die Flüsse maßgeblich an der Entwicklung Innsbrucks beteiligt. Innsbrucks Trinkwasser kam zwar von der Nordkette über eine Wasserleitung in die Stadt, für die sanitäre Versorgung aber waren Inn und Sill zuständig. Das Vieh wurde am Inn zur Tränke geführt, die Wäsche gewaschen und Abfälle aller Art, inklusive Fäkalien von Mensch und Tier, entsorgt. Als die während der Industrialisierung zu wachsen begann, entstand am Sillspitz im Osten der Stadt eine erste Mülldeponie, die später um eine weitere im Westen am heutigen Sieglanger ergänzt wurde. Das Inntal war über 1000 Jahre nach der römischen Besiedlung noch immer ein sumpfiger, von Auwäldern durchzogener Landstrich. Siedlungen wie Wilten, Burgen wie die Festung über Amras und Straßen entstanden etwas vom Fluss entfernt auf Schwemmkegeln oder in Mittelgebirgshöhen. Rund um Innsbruck wurden die Auen als Allmende der Dörfer genutzt. Je nach Wasserhöhe standen Weideland und Brennholz zur Verfügung und der Fluss konnte als Transportweg genutzt werden – oder eben nicht. Flurnamen wie At the pouring in der Höttinger Au erinnern bis heute daran, dass der Inn am heutigen Stadtgebiet bis in die frühe Neuzeit ebenfalls nicht gebändigt, sondern mehr schlecht als recht kultvierte Wildnis war. Überschwemmungen waren immer wieder Folge des unregulierten Flusses. Zwischen 1749 und 1789 forderten mehrere Hochwasser in Innsbruck viele Tote. Auch der wirtschaftliche Schaden war immens. Die Innbrücke spülte Zolleinnahmen in die Stadtkassa und war der Grund, warum die Siedlung zur Stadt werden konnte.

Bis zur Verbesserung des Straßennetzes im 16. Jahrhundert herrschte zwischen Telfs, Innsbruck und Hall reger Schiffsverkehr. Die Flöße, auf denen die Waren transportiert wurden, waren flache Platten mit Dimensionen bis zu 35 x 10 Meter. Mehrere dieser Wasserfahrzeuge bildeten einen Zug, der am Inn bis zur Mündung in die Donau in Passau und weiter nach Osten Waren aller Art verschiffte. Silber, Baumaterialien, Holz, Salz, Weizen, Fleisch – die flussaufwärts auf Treidelwegen genannten Bahnen neben dem Flussbett von Pferden gezogenen Schiffszüge waren der schnellste Weg, um große Mengen an Waren möglichst schnell durchs Inntal transportiert zu bekommen. Auch das Militär nutzte den Inn als Logistikunterstützung. Vom Tiroler Oberland wurde über Jahrhundert hinweg Holz als Trift den Inn flussabwärts geschickt. In Hall fischte ein Holzrechen an der Innbrücke das kostbare Treibgut aus dem Wasser. Innsbruck, vor allem aber die Salz- und Silberbergwerke in Hall und Schwaz benötigten den Werkstoff und Energieträger. Nahe Siedlungen und Städten errichtete man befestigte Archen-Verbauungen, um den Fluss zumindest ein wenig zu zähmen und die Beeinträchtigung von Hochwasser und Dürre einzudämmen. Im 18. Jahrhundert förderten Ökonomisierung und Verwissenschaftlichung, die sich in allen Lebensbereichen bemerkbar machten, auch die Kultivierung der Landschaft. Von diesem Geist der Aufklärung erfasst, wurde auch die Optimierung des Inns als Transportweg und die Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit des verfügbaren Bodens in Angriff genommen. Die Allmende entlang des Inn wurde mehr und mehr in die Obhut einzelner Grundherren gegeben, die die Urbarmachung dieses Schwemmlandes vorantrieben. Der Theresianische Staatsapparat wollte das habsburgische Riesenreich nicht nur am Landweg mit Straßen, sondern auch über die Hauptflüsse verbinden. Die Verantwortung für Regulierung und Verbauung des Inns ging von den Gemeinden und der Saline Hall auf den Staat über. Innsbrucks erster Chief ark inspector Franz Anton Rangger began mapping the Inn in 1739 in order to make the course of the river easier to plan and faster by straightening and damming it. The project of taming the river was to take more than 100 years. The Napoleonic Wars delayed the construction of the facilities. It was only after the economic hardship of the early 19th century that the state was able to continue the project. Blockstone dams gradually replaced the ark defences. By the time the Inn had been tamed, the railway had replaced shipping as a means of transport. The next major wave of engineering works on the Inn came in the second half of the 20th century. The Olympic Village, the motorway and settlements such as Sieglanger required space that had previously been withheld from the river in order to facilitate the economic miracle of the post-war period.

The smaller river that crosses Innsbruck was almost as important as the Inn. Where the Sill leaves the Sill Gorge today, the Sill Canal was created to supply the city with water. When the Counts of Andechs founded the market at the Inn bridge in 1180, the canal already existed, as the mill of Wilten Abbey in St. Bartlmä was already in operation. From here, the canal continued along the route Karmelitergasse, Adamgasse, Salurnerstraße, Meinhardstraße, Sillgasse, Ing.-Etzel-Straße to Pradler Brücke, where it reconnected with the Sill before flowing into the Inn. Initially intended primarily for fire protection, many businesses soon utilised the water flowing through the town to operate mills for power generation. It was not until the 1970s that the last parts of it disappeared after bombing damaged it during the Second World War.

The final geographical ingredient in the city's success story is the broad valley basin, which favoured Innsbruck's development. As the city grew and the population increased, so did the demand for food. While the farmers in the higher side valleys faced harsh conditions, the Inn Valley offered fertile soil and land for livestock farming and agriculture. Until the High Middle Ages, the Inn Valley was much more heavily forested. In the 13th century, as in many parts of Europe, the area around Innsbruck was subject to major and long-term human intervention in nature for economic purposes. Contrary to what is often portrayed, the Middle Ages were not a primitive time of stagnation. From the 12th century onwards, people no longer relied on prayers and God's grace to escape the effects of regularly occurring crop failures. Innovations such as three-field farming made it possible to feed the agriculturally unproductive urban population, known in modern parlance as the Overhead would call it. The reclamation of the land allowed the town to grow. The towns such as Schwaz, Hall and Innsbruck could not feed themselves, and considerable food imports were required, especially in the early modern period during the mining boom. In addition to meat, it was mainly wine that came to the county of Tyrol from abroad for a long time. Without the local farmers, however, Innsbruck would not have been able to survive. Corn, which Beda Weber considered worthy of mention in Innsbruck's cityscape as early as 1851, is still growing vigorously and even today gives large areas on the outskirts of the city an agricultural flavour.