Cafe Central

Gilmstrasse 5

Cafe Central Innsbruck
Worth knowing

The first coffee house on the site of today's Central opened on 14 September 1876 as "Café Grabhofer". Although the year 1848 did not bring a bloody revolution in Tyrol, it was enough to bring about social changes in everyday life. The coffee house culture was one of them. This was where the self-respecting met to indulge in the muse of bourgeois life, to discuss or quietly read the newspaper. Just like today, there was a bank directly opposite. The financial services provider and modern café probably unintentionally formed a modern symbiosis that was perfectly suited to the target group of the upper middle classes. The capitalism of the early years after the economic crisis of 1873 met with a commodity that became affordable for more and more citizens thanks to the colonialism of the late 19th century.

The consumption of coffee symbolised a new, bourgeois work ethic and lifestyle. For a long time, wine and beer had been the everyday drinks of the masses. Even if wine was not particularly strong in the Middle Ages, it did dull the senses. Among the working class, beer and cheap spirits had become both popular and problematic in the 19th century. Those who took care of themselves stayed away from them. Coffee, on the other hand, made people alert and productive and favoured the new virtues of industriousness and hard work. In cities like Innsbruck, the willing subject who worked for his master on the farm was increasingly replaced by the critical citizen who read the newspaper in the coffee house. By 1888, there were already seven inns and coffee houses and four coffee barmen in the city.

After the death of the house founder Johann Grabhofer, his daughter and her husband managed the café. When she also died in 1891, Leopold Eck bought the café and gave it the name Café Central. Just one year later, the hotel of the same name opened in the same building on the unused floors above. In 1896, Eck sold the building to the tenant of the pub at the time, Franz Kosak. Under financial pressure, Kosak also served beer for the first time in order to expand the clientele.

In the Belle Epoque Before the First World War, the Central was one of the many lively centres of city life. Students, soldiers, industrialists, citizens and travellers met here to discuss, read and celebrate in a pleasant atmosphere. Café houses had now become a standard feature of everyday culture in the cities of the Danube monarchy. No matter where you were between Innsbruck in the west and Czernowitz in the east of the giant empire, you could be sure to find a railway station, a hotel and a café with German-speaking staff and a similar menu and furnishings. The Hotel Europa und das Central had become the measure of the culture of the Habsburg Empire.

In 1919, in the post-war period, the café building was first converted by Josef Falkner into a depot for the wines of his winery in Tramin, and later as an office building in part of the Commerzbank before reopening as a restaurant under Falkner's management in 1928. In addition to the café and hotel, the enterprising restaurateur opened the Falconry cellar In the basement there was also a wine bar modelled on the South Tyrolean style. This was one of the first restaurants in Innsbruck to earn the name nightclub. The basement of the hotel quickly became a popular meeting place with a dubious reputation, as can be seen from this article in the Allgemeine Tiroler Anzeiger of 8 June 1928.

On 17 March, an exciting shooting took place in the well-known Innsbruck wine bar "Falknerkeller". In a fit of jealousy, 37-year-old railway employee Johann Raggl from Arzl near Imst had fired his revolver at his former lover Marie Amonn, who worked as a waitress in the pub. The shots missed their target only because a friend intervened.

 In the period after the Second World War, Central became the "Comptoir Francais" and used as a French restaurant. The Falconry cellar advertised its gastronomic goods and the unusually long opening hours with an original slogan in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten.

Falknerkeller's Easter wine must be as good as ever.

Please ask old Leu how he was in pre-war years...

At midnight every day, we ask you to honour us.

In 1954, the hotel, café and cellar were returned to Falkner. The day before the opening in the new design, the Innsbrucker Nachrichten to read this advert: A ship with Innsbruck pirates lands on the previously unknown treasure island in the Falknerkeller on 1 July! Come along for the ride! Josef Falkner / Isolde Sterzinger. Falkner broke with tradition and dispensed with the furnishings in the typical Tyrolean parlour style in favour of a more creative concept. The "Seeräuberburg", modelled on a harbour pub, provided variety in Innsbruck's post-war nightlife.

After Falkner's death in 1967, the savings bank acquired the Central. In 1980 the falconry cellar became the Club Central. Seven years later, it went to the property developer Fröschl, who had the traditional building renovated while retaining its special charm. However, the era of night catering in Gilmstraße was coming to an end.

Today, you can enjoy the pleasant atmosphere, good coffee, cakes and Austrian specialities at Central. The neo-baroque interior has survived the various renovations of the building well, and the furnishings are still reminiscent of the good old days, when Viennese coffee house culture decided to make its home in Tyrol and raise the provincial town of Innsbruck to the standard of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

March 1848... and what it brought

The year 1848 occupies a mythical place in European history. Although the hotspots were not to be found in secluded Tyrol, but in the major metropolises such as Paris, Vienna, Budapest, Milan and Berlin, even in the Holy Land however, the revolutionary year left its mark. In contrast to the rural surroundings, an enlightened educated middle class had developed in Innsbruck. Enlightened people no longer wanted to be subjects of a monarch or sovereign, but citizens with rights and duties towards the state. Students and freelancers demanded political participation, freedom of the press and civil rights. Workers demanded better wages and working conditions. Radical liberals and nationalists in particular even questioned the omnipotence of the church.

In March 1848, this socially and politically highly explosive mixture erupted in riots in many European cities. In Innsbruck, students and professors celebrated the newly enacted freedom of the press with a torchlight procession. On the whole, however, the revolution proceeded calmly in the leisurely Tyrol. It would be foolhardy to speak of a spontaneous outburst of emotion; the date of the procession was postponed from 20 to 21 March due to bad weather. There were hardly any anti-Habsburg riots or attacks; a stray stone thrown into a Jesuit window was one of the highlights of the Alpine version of the 1848 revolution. The students even helped the city magistrate to monitor public order in order to show their gratitude to the monarch for the newly granted freedoms and their loyalty.

The initial enthusiasm for bourgeois revolution was quickly replaced by German nationalist, patriotic fervour in Innsbruck. On 6 April 1848, the German flag was waved by the governor of Tyrol during a ceremonial procession. A German flag was also raised on the city tower. Tricolour was hoisted. While students, workers, liberal-nationalist-minded citizens, republicans, supporters of a constitutional monarchy and Catholic conservatives disagreed on social issues such as freedom of the press, they shared a dislike of the Italian independence movement that had spread from Piedmont and Milan to northern Italy. Innsbruck students and marksmen marched to Trentino with the support of the k.k. The Innsbruck students and riflemen moved into Trentino to nip the unrest and uprisings in the bud. Well-known members of this corps were Father Haspinger, who had already fought with Andreas Hofer in 1809, and Adolf Pichler. Johann Nepomuk Mahl-Schedl, wealthy owner of Büchsenhausen Castle, even equipped his own company with which he marched across the Brenner Pass to secure the border.

The city of Innsbruck, as the political and economic centre of the multinational crown land of Tyrol and home to many Italian speakers, also became the arena of this nationality conflict. Combined with copious amounts of alcohol, anti-Italian sentiment in Innsbruck posed more of a threat to public order than civil liberties. A quarrel between a German-speaking craftsman and an Italian-speaking Ladin got so heated that it almost led to a pogrom against the numerous businesses and restaurants owned by Italian-speaking Tyroleans.

The relative tranquillity of Innsbruck suited the imperial house, which was under pressure. When things did not stop boiling in Vienna even after March, Emperor Ferdinand fled to Tyrol in May. According to press reports from this time, he was received enthusiastically by the population.

"Wie heißt das Land, dem solche Ehre zu Theil wird, wer ist das Volk, das ein solches Vertrauen genießt in dieser verhängnißvollen Zeit? Stützt sich die Ruhe und Sicherheit hier bloß auf die Sage aus alter Zeit, oder liegt auch in der Gegenwart ein Grund, auf dem man bauen kann, den der Wind nicht weg bläst, und der Sturm nicht erschüttert? Dieses Alipenland heißt Tirol, gefällts dir wohl? Ja, das tirolische Volk allein bewährt in der Mitte des aufgewühlten Europa die Ehrfurcht und Treue, den Muth und die Kraft für sein angestammtes Regentenhaus, während ringsum Auflehnung, Widerspruch. Trotz und Forderung, häufig sogar Aufruhr und Umsturz toben; Tirol allein hält fest ohne Wanken an Sitte und Gehorsam, auf Religion, Wahrheit und Recht, während anderwärts die Frechheit und Lüge, der Wahnsinn und die Leidenschaften herrschen anstatt folgen wollen. Und während im großen Kaiserreiche sich die Bande überall lockern, oder gar zu lösen drohen; wo die Willkühr, von den Begierden getrieben, Gesetze umstürzt, offenen Aufruhr predigt, täglich mit neuen Forderungen losgeht; eigenmächtig ephemere- wie das Wetter wechselnde Einrichtungen schafft; während Wien, die alte sonst so friedliche Kaiserstadt, sich von der erhitzten Phantasie der Jugend lenken und gängeln läßt, und die Räthe des Reichs auf eine schmähliche Weise behandelt, nach Laune beliebig, und mit jakobinischer Anmaßung, über alle Provinzen verfügend, absetzt und anstellt, ja sogar ohne Ehrfurcht, den Kaiaer mit Sturm-Petitionen verfolgt; während jetzt von allen Seiten her Deputationen mit Ergebenheits-Addressen mit Bittgesuchen und Loyalitätsversicherungen dem Kaiser nach Innsbruck folgen, steht Tirol ganz ruhig, gleich einer stillen Insel, mitten im brausenden Meeressturme, und des kleinen Völkchens treue Brust bildet, wie seine Berge und Felsen, eine feste Mauer in Gesetz und Ordnung, für den Kaiser und das Vaterland."

In June, a young Franz Josef, not yet emperor at the time, also stayed at the Hofburg on his way back from the battlefields of northern Italy instead of travelling directly to Vienna. Innsbruck was once again the royal seat, if only for one summer. While blood was flowing in Vienna, Milan and Budapest, the imperial family enjoyed life in the Tyrolean countryside. Ferdinand, Franz Karl, his wife Sophie and Franz Josef received guests from foreign royal courts and were chauffeured in four-in-hand carriages to the region's excursion destinations such as Weiherburg Castle, Stefansbrücke Bridge, Kranebitten and high up to Heiligwasser. A little later, however, the cosy atmosphere came to an end. Under gentle pressure, Ferdinand, who was no longer considered fit for office, passed the torch of regency to Franz Josef I. In July 1848, the first parliamentary session was held in the Court Riding School in Vienna. The first constitution was enacted. However, the monarchy's desire for reform quickly waned. The new parliament was an imperial council, it could not pass any binding laws, the emperor never attended it during his lifetime and did not understand why the Danube Monarchy, as a divinely appointed monarchy, needed this council.

Nevertheless, the liberalisation that had been gently set in motion took its course in the cities. Innsbruck was given the status of a town with its own statute. Innsbruck's municipal law provided for a right of citizenship that was linked to ownership or the payment of taxes, but legally guaranteed certain rights to members of the community. Birthright citizenship could be acquired by birth, marriage or extraordinary conferment and at least gave male adults the right to vote at municipal level. If you got into financial difficulties, you had the right to basic support from the town.

Thanks to the census-based majority voting system, the Greater German liberal faction prevailed within the city government, in which merchants, tradesmen, industrialists and innkeepers set the tone. On 2 June 1848, the first edition of the liberal and Greater German-minded Innsbrucker Zeitungfrom which the above article on the emperor's arrival in Innsbruck is taken. Conservatives, on the other hand, read the Volksblatt for Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Moderate readers who favoured a constitutional monarchy preferred to consume the Bothen for Tyrol and Vorarlberg. However, the freedom of the press soon came to an end. The previously abolished censorship was reintroduced in parts. Newspaper publishers had to undergo some harassment by the authorities. Newspapers were not allowed to write against the state government, monarchy or church.

"Anyone who, by means of printed matter, incites, instigates or attempts to incite others to take action which would bring about the violent separation of a part from the unified state... of the Austrian Empire... or the general Austrian Imperial Diet or the provincial assemblies of the individual crown lands.... Imperial Diet or the Diet of the individual Crown Lands... violently disrupts... shall be punished with severe imprisonment of two to ten years."

After Innsbruck officially replaced Meran as the provincial capital in 1849 and thus finally became the political centre of Tyrol, political parties were formed. From 1868, the liberal and Greater German orientated party provided the mayor of the city of Innsbruck. The influence of the church declined in Innsbruck in contrast to the surrounding communities. Individualism, capitalism, nationalism and consumerism stepped into the breach. New worlds of work, department stores, theatres, cafés and dance halls did not supplant religion in the city either, but the emphasis changed as a result of the civil liberties won in 1848.

Perhaps the most important change to the law was the Basic relief patent. In Innsbruck, the clergy, above all Wilten Abbey, held a large proportion of the peasant land. The church and nobility were not subject to taxation. In 1848/49, manorial rule and servitude were abolished in Austria. Land rents, tithes and roboters were thus abolished. The landlords received one third of the value of their land from the state as part of the land relief, one third was regarded as tax relief and the farmers had to pay one third of the relief themselves. They could pay off this amount in instalments over a period of twenty years.

The after-effects can still be felt today. The descendants of the then successful farmers enjoy the fruits of prosperity through inherited land ownership, which can be traced back to the land relief of 1848, as well as political influence through land sales for housing construction, leases and public sector redemptions for infrastructure projects. The land-owning nobles of the past had to resign themselves to the ignominy of pursuing middle-class labour. The transition from birthright to privileged status within society was often successful thanks to financial means, networks and education. Many of Innsbruck's academic dynasties began in the decades after 1848.

The hitherto unknown phenomenon of leisure time emerged, albeit sparsely for the most part, and, together with disposable income, favoured hobbies for a larger number of people. Civil organisations and clubs, from reading circles to singing societies, fire brigades and sports clubs, were founded. The revolutionary year also manifested itself in the cityscape. Parks such as the English Garden at Ambras Castle or the Hofgarten were no longer the exclusive preserve of the aristocracy, but served as recreational areas for the citizens to escape their cramped existence. In St. Nikolaus, on the site of the raft landing stage on the Inn, the Waltherpark. Tyrol's first swimming and bathing centre opened one floor higher in Büchsenhausen Castle, followed shortly afterwards by another bath in Dreiheiligen. Excursion inns flourished around Innsbruck. In addition to the upscale restaurants and hotels, a scene of inns emerged in which workers and employees could also enjoy cosy evenings with theatre, music and dancing.

The Red Bishop and Innsbruck's moral decay

In the 1950s, Innsbruck began to recover from the crisis and war years of the first half of the 20th century. On 15 May 1955, Federal Chancellor Leopold Figl declared with the famous words "Austria is free" and the signing of the State Treaty officially marked the political turning point. In many households, the "political turnaround" became established in the years known as Economic miracle in die Geschichte eingingen, moderater Wohlstand. Zwischen 1953 und 1962 erlaubte ein jährliches Wirtschaftswachstum von über 6% es einem immer größeren Teil der Bevölkerung von lange Zeit exotischen Dingen wie Kühlschränken, einem eigenen Badezimmer oder gar einem Urlaub im Süden zu träumen. Diese Zeit brachte nicht nur materielle, sondern auch gesellschaftliche Veränderung mit sich. Die Wünsche der Menschen wurden mit dem steigenden Wohlstand und dem Lifestyle, der in Werbung und Medien transportiert wurde, ausgefallener. Das Phänomen einer neuen Jugendkultur begann sich zart inmitten der grauen Gesellschaft im kleinen Österreich der Nachkriegszeit breit zu machen. Die Begriffe Teenager und Schlüsselkind hielten in den 1950er Jahren im Sprachgebrauch der Österreicher Einzug. Über Filme kam die große Welt nach Innsbruck. Kinovorführungen und Lichtspieltheater gab es zwar schon um die Jahrhundertwende in Innsbruck, in der Nachkriegszeit passte sich das Programm aber erstmals an ein jugendliches Publikum an. Ein Fernsehgerät hatte kaum jemand im Wohnzimmer und das Programm war mager. Die zahlreichen Kinos warben mit skandalträchtigen Filmen um die Gunst des Publikums. Ab 1956 erschien die Zeitschrift BRAVO. Zum ersten Mal gab es ein Medium, das sich an den Interessen Jugendlicher orientierte. Auf der ersten Ausgabe war Marylin Monroe zu sehen, darunter die Frage: „Haben auch Marylins Kurven geheiratet?“ Die großen Stars der ersten Jahre waren James Dean und Peter Kraus, bevor in den 60er Jahren die Beatles übernahmen. Nach dem Summer of Love klärte Dr. Sommer über Liebe und Sex auf. Die allmächtige Deutungshoheit der Kirche über das moralische Verhalten Pubertierender begann zu bröckeln, wenn auch nur langsam. Die erste Foto-Love-Story mit nacktem Busen folgte erst 1982. Bis in die 1970er Jahre beschränkten sich die Möglichkeiten heranwachsender Innsbrucker Großteils auf Wirtshausstuben, Schützenverein und Blasmusik. Erst nach und nach eröffneten Bars, Discos, Nachtlokale, Kneipen und Veranstaltungsräumlichkeiten. Veranstaltungen wie der 5 o'clock tea dance im Sporthotel Igls lockten paarungswillige junge Menschen an. Das Cafe Central wurde zur „zweiten Heimat langhaariger Jugendlicher“, wie die Tiroler Tageszeitung 1972 entsetzt feststellte. Etablissements wie der Falconry cellar in the Gilmstraße, the Uptown Jazzsalon in Hötting, der Jazzclub in der Hofgasse, der Clima Club in Saggen, the Scotch Club in the Angerzellgasse and the Tangent in der Bruneckerstraße hatten mit der traditionellen Tiroler Bier- und Weinstube nichts gemeinsam. Die Auftritte der Rolling Stones und Deep Purples in der Olympiahalle 1973 waren der vorläufige Höhepunkt des Innsbrucker Frühlingserwachens. Innsbruck wurde damit zwar nicht zu London oder San Francisco, zumindest einen Hauch Rock´n´Roll hatte man aber eingeatmet. Das, was als 68er Bewegung im kulturellen Gedächtnis bis heute verankert ist, fand im Holy Land kaum statt. Weder Arbeiter noch Studenten gingen in Scharen auf die Barrikaden. Der Historiker Fritz Keller bezeichnete die 68er Bewegung Österreichs als „Mailüfterl“. Trotzdem war die Gesellschaft still und heimlich im Wandel. Ein Blick in die Jahreshitparaden gibt einen Hinweis darauf. Waren es 1964 noch Kaplan Alfred Flury und Freddy mit „Leave the little things“ and „Give me your word" and the Beatles with their German version of "Come, give me your hand die die Top 10 dominierten, änderte sich der Musikgeschmack in den Jahren bis in die 1970er. Zwar fanden sich auch dann immer noch Peter Alexander und Mireille Mathieu in den Charts. Ab 1967 waren es aber internationale Bands mit fremdsprachigen Texten wie The Rolling Stones, Tom Jones, The Monkees, Scott McKenzie, Adriano Celentano oder Simon und Garfunkel, die mit teils gesellschaftskritischen Texten die Top Positionen in großer Dichte einnahmen.

Diese Veränderung rief eine Gegenreaktion hervor. Die Speerspitze der konservativen Konterrevolution war der Innsbrucker Bischof Paulus Rusch. Zigaretten, Alkohol, allzu freizügige Mode, Auslandsurlaube, arbeitende Frauen, Nachtlokale, vorehelicher Geschlechtsverkehr, die 40-Stundenwoche, sonntägliche Sportveranstaltungen, Tanzabende, gemischte Geschlechter in Schule und Freizeit – das alles war dem strengen Kirchenmann und Anhänger des Herz-Jesu-Kultes streng zuwider. Peter Paul Rusch war 1903 in München zur Welt gekommen und in Vorarlberg als jüngstes von drei Kindern in einem gutbürgerlichen Haushalt aufgewachsen. Beide Elternteile und seine ältere Schwester starben an Tuberkulose, bevor er die Volljährigkeit erreicht hatte. Rusch musste im jugendlichen Alter von 17 in der kargen Nachkriegszeit früh für sich selbst sorgen. Die Inflation hatte das väterliche Erbe, das ihm ein Studium hätte finanzieren können, im Nu aufgefressen. Rusch arbeitete sechs Jahre lange bei der Bank for Tyrol and Vorarlberg, um sich sein Theologiestudium finanzieren zu können. 1927 trat er ins Collegium Canisianum ein, sechs Jahre später wurde er zum Priester des Jesuitenordens geweiht. Seine steile Karriere führte den intelligenten jungen Mann als Kaplan zuerst nach Lech und Hohenems und als Leiter des Teilpriesterseminars zurück nach Innsbruck. 1938 wurde er Titularbischof von Lykopolis und Apostolischer Administrator für Tirol und Vorarlberg. Als jüngster Bischof Europas musste er die Schikanen der nationalsozialistischen Machthaber gegenüber der Kirche überstehen. Obwohl seine kritische Einstellung zum Nationalsozialismus bekannt war, wurde Rusch selbst nie inhaftiert. Zu groß war die Furcht der Machthaber davor, aus dem beliebten jungen Bischof einen Märtyrer zu machen.

After the war, the socially and politically committed bishop was at the forefront of reconstruction efforts. He wanted the church to have more influence on people's everyday lives again. His father had worked his way up from carpenter to architect and probably gave him a soft spot for the building industry. He also had his own experience at BTV. Thanks to his training as a banker, Rusch recognised the opportunities for the church to get involved and make a name for itself as a helper in times of need. It was not only the churches that had been damaged in the war that were rebuilt. The Catholic Youth under Rusch's leadership, was involved free of charge in the construction of the Heiligjahrsiedlung in the Höttinger Au. The diocese bought a building plot from the Ursuline order for this purpose. The loans for the settlers were advanced interest-free by the church. Decades later, his rustic approach to the housing issue would earn him the title of "Red Bishop" to the new home. In the modest little houses with self-catering gardens, in line with the ideas of the dogmatic and frugal "working-class bishop", 41 families, preferably with many children, found a new home.

By alleviating the housing shortage, the greatest threats in the Cold WarCommunism and socialism, from his community. The atheism prescribed by communism and the consumer-orientated capitalism that had swept into Western Europe from the USA after the war were anathema to him. In 1953, Rusch's book "Young worker, where to?". What sounds like revolutionary, left-wing reading from the Kremlin showed the principles of Christian social teaching, which castigated both capitalism and socialism. Families should live modestly in order to live in Christian harmony with the moderate financial means of a single father. Entrepreneurs, employees and workers were to form a peaceful unity. Co-operation instead of class warfare, the basis of today's social partnership. To each his own place in a Christian sense, a kind of modern feudal system that was already planned for use in Dollfuß's corporative state. He shared his political views with Governor Eduard Wallnöfer and Mayor Alois Lugger, who, together with the bishop, organised the Holy Trinity of conservative Tyrol at the time of the economic miracle. Rusch combined this with a latent Catholic anti-Semitism that was still widespread in Tyrol after 1945 and which, thanks to aberrations such as the veneration of the Anderle von Rinn has long been a tradition.

Ein besonderes Anliegen war dem streitbaren Jesuiten Erziehung und Bildung. Die gesellschaftliche Formung quer durch alle Klassen durch die Soldaten Christi konnte in Innsbruck auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken. Der Jesuitenpater und vormalige Gefängnisseelsorger Alois Mathiowitz (1853 – 1922) gründete 1909 in Pradl den Peter-Mayr-Bund. Sein Ansatz war es, Jugendliche über Freizeitgestaltung und Sport und Erwachsene aus dem Arbeitermilieu durch Vorträge und Volksbildung auf den rechten Weg zu bringen. Das unter seiner Ägide errichtete Arbeiterjugendheim in der Reichenauerstraße dient bis heute als Jugendzentrum und Kindergarten. Auch Rusch hatte Erfahrung mit Jugendlichen. 1936 war er in Vorarlberg zum Landesfeldmeister der Pfadfinder gewählt worden. Trotz eines Sprachfehlers war er ein charismatischer Typ, und bei seinen jungen Kollegen und Jugendlichen überaus beliebt. Nur eine fundierte Erziehung unter den Fittichen der Kirche nach christlichem Modell konnte seiner Meinung nach das Seelenheil der Jugend retten. Um jungen Menschen eine Perspektive zu geben und sie in geordnete Bahnen mit Heim und Familie zu lenken, wurde das Youth building society savings strengthened. In the parishes, kindergartens, youth centres and educational institutions such as the House of encounter am Rennweg errichtet, um von Anfang an die Erziehung in kirchlicher Hand zu haben. Der allergrößte Teil des sozialen Lebens der Stadtjugend spielte sich nicht in verruchten Spelunken ab. Den meisten Jugendlichen fehlte schlicht und ergreifend das Geld, um regelmäßig in Lokalen zu verkehren. Viele fanden ihren Platz in den halbwegs geordneten Bahnen der katholischen Jugendorganisationen. Neben dem ultrakonservativen Bischof Rusch wuchs eine Generation liberaler Kleriker heran, die sich in die Jugendarbeit einbrachten. In den 1960er und 70er Jahren agierten in Innsbruck zwei kirchliche Jugendbewegungen mit großem Einfluss. Verantwortlich dafür waren Sigmund Kripp und Meinrad Schumacher, die mit neuen Ansätzen in der Pädagogik und einem offeneren Umgang mit heiklen Themen wie Sexualität und Rauschmitteln Teenager und junge Erwachsene für sich gewinnen konnten. Für die Erziehung der Eliten im Sinne des Jesuitenordens sorgte in Innsbruck seit 1578 die Marian Congregation. This youth organisation, still known today as the MK, took care of secondary school pupils. The MK had a strict hierarchical structure in order to give the young Soldaten Christi von Anfang an Gehorsam beizubringen. 1959 übernahm Pater Sigmund Kripp die Leitung der Organisation. Die Jugendlichen errichteten unter seiner Führung mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch Kirche, Staat, Eltern und mit viel Eigenleistung Projekte wie die Mittergrathütte samt eigener Materialseilbahn im Kühtai und das legendäre Jugendheim Kennedyhaus in der Sillgasse. Bei der Grundsteinlegung dieses Jugendzentrums, das mit knapp 1500 Mitgliedern zum größten seiner Art in Europa werden sollte, waren Bundeskanzler Klaus und Mitglieder der amerikanischen Botschaft anwesend, war der Bau doch dem ersten katholischen, erst kürzlich ermordeten Präsidenten der USA gewidmet.

The other church youth organisation in Innsbruck was Z6. The city's youth chaplain, Chaplain Meinrad Schumacher, took care of the youth organisation as part of the Action 4-5-6 to all young people who are in the MK or the Catholic Student Union had no place. Working-class children and apprentices met in various youth centres such as Pradl or Reichenau before the new centre, also built by the members themselves, was opened at Zollerstraße 6 in 1971. Josef Windischer took over the management of the centre. The Z6 already had more to do with what Dennis Hopper and Peter Fonda were doing on the big screen on their motorbikes in Easy Rider was shown. Things were rougher here than in the MK. Rock gangs like the Santanas, petty criminals and drug addicts also spent their free time in Z6. While Schumacher reeled off his programme upstairs with the "good" youngsters, Windischer and the Outsiders the basement to help the lost sheep as much as possible.

Ende der 1960er Jahre beschlossen sowohl die MK wie auch das Z6 sich auch für Nichtmitglieder zu öffnen. Mädchen und Bubengruppen wurden teilweise zusammengelegt und auch Nicht-Mitglieder wurden eingelassen. Die beiden Jugendzentren hatten zwar unterschiedliche Zielgruppen, das Konzept aber war gleich. Theologisches Wissen und christliche Moral wurden in spielerischem, altersgerechtem Umfeld vermittelt. Sektionen wie Schach, Fußball, Hockey, Basketball, Musik, Kinofilme und ein Partykeller holten die Bedürfnisse der Jugendlichen nach Spiel, Sport und der Enttabuisierung der ersten sexuellen Erfahrungen ab. Die Jugendzentren boten einen Raum, in dem sich Jugendliche beider Geschlechter begegnen konnten. Besonders die MK blieb aber eine Institution, die nichts mit dem wilden Leben der 68er, wie es in Filmen gerne transportiert wird, zu tun hatte. So fanden zum Beispiel Tanzkurse nicht im Advent, Fasching oder an Samstagen statt, für unter 17jährige waren sie überhaupt verbotene Früchte.

Nevertheless, the youth centres went too far for Bishop Rusch. The critical articles in the MK newspaper We discuss, die immerhin eine Auflage von über 2000 Stück erreichte, fanden immer seltener sein Gefallen. Solidarität mit Vietnam war das eine, aber Kritik an Schützen und Bundesheer konnten nicht geduldet werden. Nach jahrelangen Streitigkeiten zwischen Bischof und Jugendzentrum kam es 1973 zum Showdown. Als Pater Kripp sein Buch Farewell to tomorrow veröffentlichte, in dem er von seinem pädagogischen Konzept und der Arbeit in der MK berichtete, kam es zu einem nicht öffentlichen Verfahren innerhalb der Diözese und des Jesuitenordens gegen den Leiter des Jugendzentrums. Trotz massiver Proteste von Eltern und Mitgliedern wurde Kripp entfernt. Weder die innerkirchliche Intervention durch den bedeutenden Theologen Karl Rahner noch eine vom Künstler Paul Flora ins Leben gerufene Unterschriftenaktion oder regionale und überregionale Empörung in der Presse konnte den allzu liberalen Pater vor dem Zorn Ruschs retten, der sich für die Amtsenthebung sogar den päpstlichen Segen aus Rom zusichern ließ.

Im Juli 1974 war es vorübergehend auch mit dem Z6 vorbei. Artikel über die Antibaby-Pille und Kritik der Z6-Zeitung an der katholischen Kirche waren zu viel für den strengen Bischof. Rusch ließ kurzerhand die Schlüssel des Jugendzentrums austauschen, eine Methode, die er auch bei der Catholic Student Union when it got too close to a left-wing action group. The Tiroler Tageszeitung noted this in a small article on 1 August 1974:

"In recent weeks, there had been profound disputes between the educators and the bishop over fundamental issues. According to the bishop, the views expressed in "Z 6" were "no longer in line with church teaching". For example, the leadership of the centre granted young people absolute freedom of conscience without simultaneously recognising objective norms and also permitted sexual relations before marriage."

It was his adherence to conservative values and his stubbornness that damaged Rusch's reputation in the last 20 years of his life. When he was consecrated as the first bishop of the newly founded diocese of Innsbruck in 1964, times were changing. The progressive with practical life experience of the past was overtaken by the modern life of a new generation and the needs of the emerging consumer society. The bishop's constant criticism of the lifestyle of his flock and his stubborn adherence to his overly conservative values, coupled with some bizarre statements, turned the co-founder of development aid into a Brother in needthe young, hands-on bishop of the reconstruction, from the late 1960s onwards as a reason for leaving the church. His concept of repentance and penance took on bizarre forms. He demanded guilt and atonement from the Tyroleans for their misdemeanours during the Nazi era, but at the same time described the denazification laws as too far-reaching and strict. In response to the new sexual practices and abortion laws under Chancellor Kreisky, he said that girls and young women who have premature sexual intercourse are up to twelve times more likely to develop cancer of the mother's organs. Rusch described Hamburg as a cesspool of sin and he suspected that the simple minds of the Tyrolean population were not up to phenomena such as tourism and nightclubs and were tempted to immoral behaviour. He feared that technology and progress were making people too independent of God. He was strictly against the new custom of double income. People should be satisfied with a spiritual family home with a vegetable garden and not strive for more; women should concentrate on their traditional role as housewife and mother.

In 1973, after 35 years at the head of the church community in Tyrol and Innsbruck, Bishop Rusch was made an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck. He resigned from his office in 1981. In 1986, Innsbruck's first bishop was laid to rest in St Jakob's Cathedral. The Bishop Paul's Student Residence The church of St Peter Canisius in the Höttinger Au, which was built under him, commemorates him.

After its closure in 1974, the Z6 youth centre moved to Andreas-Hofer-Straße 11 before finding its current home in Dreiheiligenstraße, in the middle of the working-class district of the early modern period opposite the Pest Church. Jussuf Windischer remained in Innsbruck after working on social projects in Brazil. The father of four children continued to work with socially marginalised groups, was a lecturer at the Social Academy, prison chaplain and director of the Caritas Integration House in Innsbruck.

The MK also still exists today, even though the Kennedy House, which was converted into a Sigmund Kripp House was renamed, no longer exists. In 2005, Kripp was made an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck by his former sodalist and later deputy mayor, like Bishop Rusch before him.