Jesuitenkirche & Palais Pfeifersberg
Karl-Rahner-Platz / Sillgasse 6
Worth knowing
Ein großer Teil zwischen Sillgasse, Angerzellgasse und Universitätsstraße wird vom Gebäudekomplex der Theologischen Fakultät, des akademischen Gymnasiums, dem Palais Pfeifersberg und der Jesuitenkirche eingenommen. Die Gebäude gehören dem Jesuitenorden. Ihre Präsenz in der Stadt war nicht nur wichtig für die Geschicke Innsbrucks und die Entwicklung der Universität. Die Jesuiten waren der Orden, der Gesellschaft und Politik der Frühen Neuzeit über den Einfluss am Hof der Habsburger über Jahrhunderte prägte.
Der Jesuitenorden war ein wichtiger Verbündeter Ferdinands im Kampf gegen die Reformatoren. Deshalb ließ er auch in Innsbruck ein Kollegium der Jesuiten gründen. 1562 zogen die Jesuiten im Salvatorikirchlein to begin teaching at the college. This chapel had been the court and imperial hospital founded by Emperor Maximilian in 1499 for the poorer sections of the population who had to live in the city hospital in the Neustadt found no place. On the corner of Universitätsstraße 4, the date carved in stone in the Austrian band sign still commemorates the founding of the college.
Bereits wenige Jahre später wurde unter Ferdinand II. die als Dreifaltigkeitskirche bekannte Kapelle erweitert. Das Schulgebäude in der Universitätsstraße wurde unter Maximilian III. errichtet. Wo sich früher die eifrigen Gymnasiasten täglich in die Obhut der Jesuitenpater zur geistigen und seelischen Erbauung begaben, befindet sich heute der Eingang zur Universitätsbibliothek der Theologie. Über dem Portal finden sich in Stein gemeißelt die Wappen des Landes Tirols und der doppelköpfige Adler der Habsburgermonarchie unter dem Emblem der Jesuiten, ein architektonisch klares Symbol der Verbundenheit von Staatsgewalt und Orden. Wenige Monate nach Maximilians Ableben begann der Bau der eigentlichen Jesuitenkirche an dem Platz, an dem sie bis heute steht. Die Grundsteinlegung war eine der ersten Amtshandlungen des neuen Gubernators Leopold während des ersten Zusammentreffens seines Landtages in Innsbruck. Dem neuen Gotteshaus war aber kein Glück beschieden. Nach wenigen Jahren krachte sie in sich zusammen. Zwischen 1627 und 1633, mitten in der finanziell klammen Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, wurde sie unter der Patronanz des nunmehrigen Landesfürsten Leopold V. in ihrer Struktur mit Doppelturmfassade und Kuppel errichtet.
The church is similar in appearance to the original Jesuit church Il Gesu in Rome. However, its towers were made of wood for a long time. In the 18th century, the interior, which is well worth seeing, was extended in baroque style. In 1901, it was Johann von Sieberer, a private owner, who had the church towers torn down and rebuilt in concrete. The underground crypt, which is freely accessible, is particularly worth seeing. Among other things, it contains the tombs of Leopold V and his wife Claudia de Medici. The two rulers are buried together with their children in an elaborate tomb designed by Christoph Gumpp. The pompous Castrum DolorisUnfortunately, the funeral scaffolding that was used during Claudia de Medici's funeral in the Florentine tradition has not survived. The Medici coat of arms on the right-hand entrance portal is a reminder of the princess's origins. The influential theologian Karl Rahner, after whom the square in front of the church was named, was also laid to rest in the Jesuit church.
For a time, the Jesuit Church was also part of the city's educational landscape, in keeping with the spirit of its owners. From 1720, university services, which were an important part of everyday university life, were celebrated exclusively in the Jesuit church, having previously been held alternately in different places of worship. This exacerbated the tensions between the diocese and the Jesuits, as there were repeated disputes over which party should have the right of residence. The Jesuits were represented with several chairs at the university. Other professors were appointed by the diocese of Brixen. This led to tensions within the university, as the Jesuits primarily represented the interests of the sovereign and monarch, while the professors of the diocese wanted to protect the political interests of the bishop. It was all about positions, power, money and influence, and not just within the city. In this early phase of the Enlightenment, the separation of state, church and science was still a long way off. The university was there to train Catholic civil servants loyal to the state for the emperor. Students and professors had to Tridentinische Glaubensbekenntnis in front of the university chancellor appointed by the church, the local bishop's representative. In this profession of faith from 1564, which Pope Pius laid down after the Council of Trent, the students testified their allegiance to the Catholic faith. Every year on 8 December, members of the university had to take the Immaculate Conception of Mary confess. The refusal to take this oath by some enlightened freemasons among the professors at the end of the 18th century was an unparalleled scandal.
During the brief phase of the Enlightenment, which was not lived very intensively in Innsbruck, the Soldaten Christi unpleasant times. Under Joseph II, the Jesuits were briefly banned in the Habsburg Empire and the Pope outlawed the powerful order. The college fell to the University of Innsbruck, the Jesuit-run grammar school had to give up premises for the university library before teachers and pupils moved to the Franciscan monastery next to the Hofkirche in 1868. However, the old building was not suitable for the modern demands of teaching. Poor air quality, hardly any light, poor sanitation and infrastructural deficiencies did not meet the increasingly high demands that the upper classes had of an educational institution. In 1910, the grammar school moved to a new building at its current location behind the Jesuit church.
In 1835, the Jesuits bought the Palais Pfeifersberg in today's Sillgasse as a college. The residence was given its current baroque appearance in 1723 according to plans by Georg Anton Gumpp. The Jesuit College with the Ignatius Chapel and the Nikolaihaus are located between the town palace and the church. The modern façade above the baroque portal of this long building was given its present form in 1914. Part of this wing is a student hostel for theologians. The Jesuit youth centre, the MK, resides at Sillgasse 8. The entire complex in this exclusive location demonstrates both the prosperity and the place that the church still occupies in the everyday culture and significance of modern Austria.
St Peter Canisius and the Jesuits
Franciscans, Premonstratensians, Carmelites, Servites, Capuchins, Ursulines. Anyone visiting Innsbruck will walk past many monasteries, usually without realising it. The Jesuits were probably the most politically and socially influential order in the history of the city from the 16th century onwards. The "Soldaten Christi" were founded by the Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola (1491 - 1556) in 1540. Loyola was a moral reformer and influential church politician who had access to the highest circles of power of his time. He wanted to change the church, but unlike Luther, not without the Pope as head. Dissolution of the monasteries' property was also not on his programme. Renewing the faith from the top down instead of destroying the existing order was the motto of the Societas Jesu.
The order quickly gained influence. The organisation and structure adopted from the military, the combination of humanist teachings and Catholic traditions, a penchant for science and education in combination with a mystical popular piety made them attractive to many people who were disappointed by the clergy's medieval decline in morals. With these characteristics, the Jesuits had their finger on the pulse of a time that was characterised by new political, social and economic structures. Like Protestant reformers, they skilfully used the new medium of book printing to disseminate their writings. You could say that they were the denominational continuation of social penetration by the state, new media and double-entry bookkeeping.
The political situation in the middle of the 16th century was muddled and crisis-ridden. Italy was badly affected by the wars between France and the Habsburgs. Large trading groups such as the Fuggers and the Welsers were gaining more and more influence. The German lands had suffered from the Peasants' Wars. Inflation was a threat and the many technical innovations of the period around 1500 frightened many people. But how could the wrath of God be averted because of the misdemeanours of the Renaissance popes and the impending end of the world if not through moral improvement and moral living according to the teachings of Christ?
A keen supporter of the Jesuits in Tyrol was Prince and later Emperor Ferdinand I. Like Ignatius of Loyola, he had grown up in Spain. He had just as many difficulties with the customs of the Germans and the non-existent Reformation movement in Spain as he did with the language. The Tyrolean population, on the other hand, were alienated from their sovereign, who, with his foreign court, could easily be mistaken for an occupying power. A connecting element between the two worlds was the Roman Church, especially the modern Jesuit order.
Probably the most important Jesuit theologian was Petrus Canisius (1521 - 1597). He grew up as Peter Canis in an upper middle-class household in the Netherlands. His father was the mayor of Nijmegen. From an early age, the future church strategist gained his first experience of high politics and learnt courtly behaviour before going to Cologne to study. Canisius was the first member of the order in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. The intelligent and educated young man had a stellar career. Ferdinand summoned him to Vienna, where he was appointed episcopal administrator and responsible for maintaining order at the university. One of his main activities at the university, in addition to teaching and research, was to track down and interrogate university members suspected of Protestantism.
Canisius also spent several years in Innsbruck. The Jesuits were actually supposed to move into the completed Hofkirche to take over the choral prayers for Maximilian I at his burial place. As the highest representative of the order north of the Alps, Canisius politely but firmly refused. He wrote a prayer guide for Ferdinand to set the prince on the right path. In 1563, the emperor managed to lure him to the Alps after all. The scholar was to assist him as an advisor and consultant for a dispute with the Pope at the Council of Trent. While the people of Innsbruck were suspicious of many of the other foreign preachers and counsellors who frequented the court, Canisius was an approachable man of the people. In October 1571, the parish of Wilten learnt from him of the victory of the papal-imperial fleet against the Ottomans at Lepanto. From the pulpit, Canisius proclaimed the triumph of the Christian forces against the impending pagan threat in the greatest naval battle in history in the style of a Catholic newsreader.
As a court preacher, Canisius was an advisor to the aristocracy, but his pious enthusiasm also made him a churchman for the masses. On behalf of the Lord, or rather his secular and ecclesiastical masters, he travelled across Europe. Like Martin Luther, he also looked "In the mouth of the people". It should not be forgotten that walking was the primary way of travelling for most people. Canisius is said to have travelled over 100,000 kilometres between the Netherlands, Rome and Poland. He usually stayed in simple inns while travelling. He knew how important it was to get the rural population behind him. While his brothers were proselytising in faraway India, he was proselytising against Protestantism in the German lands. He realised that preaching in Latin was not suitable for immunising peasants, farmhands and maids against the threat posed by Luther's Protestantism to the Roman Church. With his Catechism Petrus Canisius wrote an important German-language collection of ideas in the Catholic struggle against the Reformation, which was quickly translated into all European languages and was long regarded as a guide for the Catholic Church. Between 1555 and 1558, three differently complex versions of the work were created for different audiences. Resourceful editors created a pictorial catechism for illiterate readers in order to spread the ideas of the church to the people. Even in the 20th century, the Kanisi, as the work was affectionately nicknamed, was still the basis of religious education in schools.
Canisius also used the new medium of the pamphlet to reach as many people as possible. His writings, together with those of Luther, were probably the most widely read of the 16th century. Until well into the 19th century, and in some regions even after the Second World War, the Kanisias the catechism was affectionately known, was the most influential religious-philosophical work in Tyrol.
However, the strongest and most enduring pillar in the fight against the reformers was education. Canisius saw many bishops and politicians as corrupt, morally corrupt and sinful. Instead of eradicating them, however, they were to reform under the wing of the soldiers of Jesus. By opening new colleges, the Jesuits aimed to improve the education of civil servants, the nobility and the clergy and to set higher moral standards in everyday church life, orientated towards Christian roots. To this end, they founded colleges throughout the empire. Protestant countries and cities had begun German schoolsacademies and grammar schools. As many subjects as possible should be able to read in order to find piety and salvation in individual and direct Bible reading. The Jesuits, on the other hand, concentrated on educating the elite and thus gained lasting influence in the centres of power of the Catholic states.
Die Jesuiten gründeten in Innsbruck die Lateinschule, aus der später die Universität hervorgehen sollte. Das neue Bildungsinstitut hatte große Auswirkungen auf die Stadtentwicklung. Hier wurde die Intelligenzia ausgebildet, die Innsbrucks Aufstieg zum Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsstandort ermöglichte. Neben Lehrstühlen an der Universität hatten sie auch das Theresianum über. In den Räumlichkeiten des Franziskanerklosters wurden die adeligen Schüler des Gymnasiums und Studenten von 1775 bis 1848 in höfischen Sitten und tugendhaftem Benehmen unterrichtet und auf ihre berufliche Laufbahn vorbereitet. Die Theresianische Ritterakademie beherbergte die jungen Männer und vermittelte diplomatische Fähigkeiten wie Fremdsprachen und Tanz und militärische wie Fechten. Unter Josef II. kam es zu einer Unterbrechung ihrer Tätigkeit. Er entmachtete und enteignete kirchliche Orden, darunter auch die von ihm wenig geliebten Jesuiten, die auch vom Papst als zu mächtig empfunden und deshalb verboten wurden. Die Universität Innsbruck wurde 1781 zu einem Lyzeum zurückgestuft. Den freigewordenen Platz im Jesuitenkollegium nutzte man, um einen ersten botanischen Garten anzulegen. Als 1808 unter der bayerischen Verwaltung zwischenzeitlich auch das Theresianum aufgehoben wurde, erweiterte man die Gartenanlage. 1838 wurden die Jesuiten wieder nach Innsbruck berufen. 1910 musste der Garten im Rahmen des Schulneubaus nach Hötting umziehen.
Durch das Netz aus einflussreichen Posten und den Einfluss auf das Bildungssystem wuchs der Orden rasch. Die Jesuiten schafften es vor allem während der Gegenreformation als treue Verbündete der Dynastie ein besonderes Verhältnis zu den Habsburgern aufzubauen. Vielen Mitgliedern der Dynastie ist in ihrem Herrschen und Tun der Einfluss des Ordens anzumerken, bei dem sie ihre Bildung genossen. Jesuiten wie Bartholomäus Viller oder Wilhelm Lamormaini waren als Beichtväter und Berater der Habsburger in der Frühen Neuzeit politisch einflussreich. Nicht umsonst sind die Jesuiten heute noch die Widersacher der Freimaurer in unzähligen Verschwörungstheorien und Romanen und gelten vielen als neuzeitliches Äquivalent des James-Bond-Bösewichts. Sie waren Forschung, Wissenssammlung und Bildung gegenüber sehr aufgeschlossen und wollten die Welt im Sinne der christlichen Schöpfung zu verstehen lernen. Das machte sie für Katholiken zu einem hippen Gegenpol sowohl zu den verstaubten bestehenden Orden wie auch den Protestanten. Glaube und Empirie verbanden sich zu einer Art vormodernen Wissenschaft, die Natur und Physik zu erklären versucht. Die Sammlung Ferdinands II. auf Schloss Ambras zeugt vom Forschungsdrang der Zeit ebenso wie die heute absurd anmutenden alchemistischen Experimente, die Kaiser Matthias (1557 – 1619) durchführte.
For all their love of the rational, mysticism also returned to everyday church life under the Jesuits. Passion plays, Easter sepulchres, processions and feast days were intended to soften the strict principles of the faith with drama and spectacle. Work hard - play hard was the motto. The celebrations during processions often degenerated into lavish festivities, which led to fights, sometimes even tumultuous and bloody scenes, similar to today's tent festivals. The bread and wine of the Lord were celebrated in the style of Panem et Circenses (bread and games) in ancient Rome. Petrus Canisius was commissioned by Ferdinand I to write a book about a miracle in Seefeld with the evocative name "Of the highly publicised miracle that took place with the most sacred sacrament of the altar on the Seefeld in the princely county of Tyrol in 1384 and what else is to be considered Christian and useful in this regard." to fuel the pilgrimage there.
This principle of mass social appropriation has survived to this day. The Marian Congregationknown as MK in Innsbruck, was one of the largest youth centres in Europe. In a modern sense, it can certainly be seen in the tradition of the church's gentle introduction to the faith and the education of young people.
The Jesuit order, fully committed to popular belief, was also highly motivated when it came to persecuting witches and people of other faiths. Peter Canisius was one of the masterminds behind the early modern witch hunts:
"Witches are being punished everywhere, and they are multiplying strangely.... They envy children the grace of baptism and deprive them of it. There are large numbers of child murderers among them... Never before in Germany have you seen people so devoted and dedicated to the devil..."
He also attracted attention as an exorcist, especially among noble ladies infected by the virus of Protestantism. Canisius used the attention that witches and people possessed by the devil attracted to publicise the power of the Catholic Church.
The Jesuits were also eagerly involved in the missionary work of pagans in the then recently discovered New World in America and Asia. St Francis Xavier, one of Ignatius of Loyola's first companions, died on a missionary journey to China. In a side chapel of the Jesuit church in Innsbruck, this Soldaten Christi an altar was consecrated.
Die Jesuiten halten bis heute ihre Hand lehrend über Innsbruck. Der Aufenthalt Petrus Canisius machte die Stadt im 16. Jahrhundert zu einem der theologischen Zentren der deutschsprachigen Welt. Sein Auftreten als Prediger und Gelehrter in der Stadt wäre mit einem Lehrauftrag Albert Einsteins an der Universität in den 1930er Jahren vergleichbar. Er selbst war von den frommen Älplern ebenfalls angetan.
"The Tyrol deserves our special attention, because it is even more Catholic than any other region of Germany and has not yet allowed itself to be ensnared by the heretics like the other countries. Even if many places have already been corrupted [...]. Innsbruck is ... the heart and life of the whole country."
When Innsbruck became its own diocese in 1964 under the Jesuit Paulus Rusch, St Peter Canisius was chosen as its patron saint. Today, Karl-Rahner-Platz is not only home to the Jesuit Church, but also the Faculty of Theology at the University of Innsbruck. In Saggen, the Collegium Canisianum belongs to the Jesuits. The MK is also still active in youth work.
The Red Bishop and Innsbruck's moral decay
In the 1950s, Innsbruck began to recover from the crisis and war years of the first half of the 20th century. On 15 May 1955, Federal Chancellor Leopold Figl declared with the famous words "Austria is free" and the signing of the State Treaty officially marked the political turning point. In many households, the "political turnaround" became established in the years known as Economic miracle in die Geschichte eingingen, moderater Wohlstand. Zwischen 1953 und 1962 erlaubte ein jährliches Wirtschaftswachstum von über 6% es einem immer größeren Teil der Bevölkerung von lange Zeit exotischen Dingen wie Kühlschränken, einem eigenen Badezimmer oder gar einem Urlaub im Süden zu träumen. Diese Zeit brachte nicht nur materielle, sondern auch gesellschaftliche Veränderung mit sich. Die Wünsche der Menschen wurden mit dem steigenden Wohlstand und dem Lifestyle, der in Werbung und Medien transportiert wurde, ausgefallener. Das Phänomen einer neuen Jugendkultur begann sich zart inmitten der grauen Gesellschaft im kleinen Österreich der Nachkriegszeit breit zu machen. Die Begriffe Teenager und Schlüsselkind hielten in den 1950er Jahren im Sprachgebrauch der Österreicher Einzug. Über Filme kam die große Welt nach Innsbruck. Kinovorführungen und Lichtspieltheater gab es zwar schon um die Jahrhundertwende in Innsbruck, in der Nachkriegszeit passte sich das Programm aber erstmals an ein jugendliches Publikum an. Ein Fernsehgerät hatte kaum jemand im Wohnzimmer und das Programm war mager. Die zahlreichen Kinos warben mit skandalträchtigen Filmen um die Gunst des Publikums. Ab 1956 erschien die Zeitschrift BRAVO. Zum ersten Mal gab es ein Medium, das sich an den Interessen Jugendlicher orientierte. Auf der ersten Ausgabe war Marylin Monroe zu sehen, darunter die Frage: „Haben auch Marylins Kurven geheiratet?“ Die großen Stars der ersten Jahre waren James Dean und Peter Kraus, bevor in den 60er Jahren die Beatles übernahmen. Nach dem Summer of Love klärte Dr. Sommer über Liebe und Sex auf. Die allmächtige Deutungshoheit der Kirche über das moralische Verhalten Pubertierender begann zu bröckeln, wenn auch nur langsam. Die erste Foto-Love-Story mit nacktem Busen folgte erst 1982. Bis in die 1970er Jahre beschränkten sich die Möglichkeiten heranwachsender Innsbrucker Großteils auf Wirtshausstuben, Schützenverein und Blasmusik. Erst nach und nach eröffneten Bars, Discos, Nachtlokale, Kneipen und Veranstaltungsräumlichkeiten. Veranstaltungen wie der 5 o'clock tea dance im Sporthotel Igls lockten paarungswillige junge Menschen an. Das Cafe Central wurde zur „zweiten Heimat langhaariger Jugendlicher“, wie die Tiroler Tageszeitung 1972 entsetzt feststellte. Etablissements wie der Falconry cellar in the Gilmstraße, the Uptown Jazzsalon in Hötting, der Jazzclub in der Hofgasse, der Clima Club in Saggen, the Scotch Club in the Angerzellgasse and the Tangent in der Bruneckerstraße hatten mit der traditionellen Tiroler Bier- und Weinstube nichts gemeinsam. Die Auftritte der Rolling Stones und Deep Purples in der Olympiahalle 1973 waren der vorläufige Höhepunkt des Innsbrucker Frühlingserwachens. Innsbruck wurde damit zwar nicht zu London oder San Francisco, zumindest einen Hauch Rock´n´Roll hatte man aber eingeatmet. Das, was als 68er Bewegung im kulturellen Gedächtnis bis heute verankert ist, fand im Holy Land kaum statt. Weder Arbeiter noch Studenten gingen in Scharen auf die Barrikaden. Der Historiker Fritz Keller bezeichnete die 68er Bewegung Österreichs als „Mailüfterl“. Trotzdem war die Gesellschaft still und heimlich im Wandel. Ein Blick in die Jahreshitparaden gibt einen Hinweis darauf. Waren es 1964 noch Kaplan Alfred Flury und Freddy mit „Leave the little things“ and „Give me your word" and the Beatles with their German version of "Come, give me your hand die die Top 10 dominierten, änderte sich der Musikgeschmack in den Jahren bis in die 1970er. Zwar fanden sich auch dann immer noch Peter Alexander und Mireille Mathieu in den Charts. Ab 1967 waren es aber internationale Bands mit fremdsprachigen Texten wie The Rolling Stones, Tom Jones, The Monkees, Scott McKenzie, Adriano Celentano oder Simon und Garfunkel, die mit teils gesellschaftskritischen Texten die Top Positionen in großer Dichte einnahmen.
Diese Veränderung rief eine Gegenreaktion hervor. Die Speerspitze der konservativen Konterrevolution war der Innsbrucker Bischof Paulus Rusch. Zigaretten, Alkohol, allzu freizügige Mode, Auslandsurlaube, arbeitende Frauen, Nachtlokale, vorehelicher Geschlechtsverkehr, die 40-Stundenwoche, sonntägliche Sportveranstaltungen, Tanzabende, gemischte Geschlechter in Schule und Freizeit – das alles war dem strengen Kirchenmann und Anhänger des Herz-Jesu-Kultes streng zuwider. Peter Paul Rusch war 1903 in München zur Welt gekommen und in Vorarlberg als jüngstes von drei Kindern in einem gutbürgerlichen Haushalt aufgewachsen. Beide Elternteile und seine ältere Schwester starben an Tuberkulose, bevor er die Volljährigkeit erreicht hatte. Rusch musste im jugendlichen Alter von 17 in der kargen Nachkriegszeit früh für sich selbst sorgen. Die Inflation hatte das väterliche Erbe, das ihm ein Studium hätte finanzieren können, im Nu aufgefressen. Rusch arbeitete sechs Jahre lange bei der Bank for Tyrol and Vorarlberg, um sich sein Theologiestudium finanzieren zu können. 1927 trat er ins Collegium Canisianum ein, sechs Jahre später wurde er zum Priester des Jesuitenordens geweiht. Seine steile Karriere führte den intelligenten jungen Mann als Kaplan zuerst nach Lech und Hohenems und als Leiter des Teilpriesterseminars zurück nach Innsbruck. 1938 wurde er Titularbischof von Lykopolis und Apostolischer Administrator für Tirol und Vorarlberg. Als jüngster Bischof Europas musste er die Schikanen der nationalsozialistischen Machthaber gegenüber der Kirche überstehen. Obwohl seine kritische Einstellung zum Nationalsozialismus bekannt war, wurde Rusch selbst nie inhaftiert. Zu groß war die Furcht der Machthaber davor, aus dem beliebten jungen Bischof einen Märtyrer zu machen.
After the war, the socially and politically committed bishop was at the forefront of reconstruction efforts. He wanted the church to have more influence on people's everyday lives again. His father had worked his way up from carpenter to architect and probably gave him a soft spot for the building industry. He also had his own experience at BTV. Thanks to his training as a banker, Rusch recognised the opportunities for the church to get involved and make a name for itself as a helper in times of need. It was not only the churches that had been damaged in the war that were rebuilt. The Catholic Youth under Rusch's leadership, was involved free of charge in the construction of the Heiligjahrsiedlung in the Höttinger Au. The diocese bought a building plot from the Ursuline order for this purpose. The loans for the settlers were advanced interest-free by the church. Decades later, his rustic approach to the housing issue would earn him the title of "Red Bishop" to the new home. In the modest little houses with self-catering gardens, in line with the ideas of the dogmatic and frugal "working-class bishop", 41 families, preferably with many children, found a new home.
By alleviating the housing shortage, the greatest threats in the Cold WarCommunism and socialism, from his community. The atheism prescribed by communism and the consumer-orientated capitalism that had swept into Western Europe from the USA after the war were anathema to him. In 1953, Rusch's book "Young worker, where to?". What sounds like revolutionary, left-wing reading from the Kremlin showed the principles of Christian social teaching, which castigated both capitalism and socialism. Families should live modestly in order to live in Christian harmony with the moderate financial means of a single father. Entrepreneurs, employees and workers were to form a peaceful unity. Co-operation instead of class warfare, the basis of today's social partnership. To each his own place in a Christian sense, a kind of modern feudal system that was already planned for use in Dollfuß's corporative state. He shared his political views with Governor Eduard Wallnöfer and Mayor Alois Lugger, who, together with the bishop, organised the Holy Trinity of conservative Tyrol at the time of the economic miracle. Rusch combined this with a latent Catholic anti-Semitism that was still widespread in Tyrol after 1945 and which, thanks to aberrations such as the veneration of the Anderle von Rinn has long been a tradition.
Ein besonderes Anliegen war dem streitbaren Jesuiten Erziehung und Bildung. Die gesellschaftliche Formung quer durch alle Klassen durch die Soldaten Christi konnte in Innsbruck auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken. Der Jesuitenpater und vormalige Gefängnisseelsorger Alois Mathiowitz (1853 – 1922) gründete 1909 in Pradl den Peter-Mayr-Bund. Sein Ansatz war es, Jugendliche über Freizeitgestaltung und Sport und Erwachsene aus dem Arbeitermilieu durch Vorträge und Volksbildung auf den rechten Weg zu bringen. Das unter seiner Ägide errichtete Arbeiterjugendheim in der Reichenauerstraße dient bis heute als Jugendzentrum und Kindergarten. Auch Rusch hatte Erfahrung mit Jugendlichen. 1936 war er in Vorarlberg zum Landesfeldmeister der Pfadfinder gewählt worden. Trotz eines Sprachfehlers war er ein charismatischer Typ, und bei seinen jungen Kollegen und Jugendlichen überaus beliebt. Nur eine fundierte Erziehung unter den Fittichen der Kirche nach christlichem Modell konnte seiner Meinung nach das Seelenheil der Jugend retten. Um jungen Menschen eine Perspektive zu geben und sie in geordnete Bahnen mit Heim und Familie zu lenken, wurde das Youth building society savings strengthened. In the parishes, kindergartens, youth centres and educational institutions such as the House of encounter am Rennweg errichtet, um von Anfang an die Erziehung in kirchlicher Hand zu haben. Der allergrößte Teil des sozialen Lebens der Stadtjugend spielte sich nicht in verruchten Spelunken ab. Den meisten Jugendlichen fehlte schlicht und ergreifend das Geld, um regelmäßig in Lokalen zu verkehren. Viele fanden ihren Platz in den halbwegs geordneten Bahnen der katholischen Jugendorganisationen. Neben dem ultrakonservativen Bischof Rusch wuchs eine Generation liberaler Kleriker heran, die sich in die Jugendarbeit einbrachten. In den 1960er und 70er Jahren agierten in Innsbruck zwei kirchliche Jugendbewegungen mit großem Einfluss. Verantwortlich dafür waren Sigmund Kripp und Meinrad Schumacher, die mit neuen Ansätzen in der Pädagogik und einem offeneren Umgang mit heiklen Themen wie Sexualität und Rauschmitteln Teenager und junge Erwachsene für sich gewinnen konnten. Für die Erziehung der Eliten im Sinne des Jesuitenordens sorgte in Innsbruck seit 1578 die Marian Congregation. This youth organisation, still known today as the MK, took care of secondary school pupils. The MK had a strict hierarchical structure in order to give the young Soldaten Christi von Anfang an Gehorsam beizubringen. 1959 übernahm Pater Sigmund Kripp die Leitung der Organisation. Die Jugendlichen errichteten unter seiner Führung mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch Kirche, Staat, Eltern und mit viel Eigenleistung Projekte wie die Mittergrathütte samt eigener Materialseilbahn im Kühtai und das legendäre Jugendheim Kennedyhaus in der Sillgasse. Bei der Grundsteinlegung dieses Jugendzentrums, das mit knapp 1500 Mitgliedern zum größten seiner Art in Europa werden sollte, waren Bundeskanzler Klaus und Mitglieder der amerikanischen Botschaft anwesend, war der Bau doch dem ersten katholischen, erst kürzlich ermordeten Präsidenten der USA gewidmet.
The other church youth organisation in Innsbruck was Z6. The city's youth chaplain, Chaplain Meinrad Schumacher, took care of the youth organisation as part of the Action 4-5-6 to all young people who are in the MK or the Catholic Student Union had no place. Working-class children and apprentices met in various youth centres such as Pradl or Reichenau before the new centre, also built by the members themselves, was opened at Zollerstraße 6 in 1971. Josef Windischer took over the management of the centre. The Z6 already had more to do with what Dennis Hopper and Peter Fonda were doing on the big screen on their motorbikes in Easy Rider was shown. Things were rougher here than in the MK. Rock gangs like the Santanas, petty criminals and drug addicts also spent their free time in Z6. While Schumacher reeled off his programme upstairs with the "good" youngsters, Windischer and the Outsiders the basement to help the lost sheep as much as possible.
Ende der 1960er Jahre beschlossen sowohl die MK wie auch das Z6 sich auch für Nichtmitglieder zu öffnen. Mädchen und Bubengruppen wurden teilweise zusammengelegt und auch Nicht-Mitglieder wurden eingelassen. Die beiden Jugendzentren hatten zwar unterschiedliche Zielgruppen, das Konzept aber war gleich. Theologisches Wissen und christliche Moral wurden in spielerischem, altersgerechtem Umfeld vermittelt. Sektionen wie Schach, Fußball, Hockey, Basketball, Musik, Kinofilme und ein Partykeller holten die Bedürfnisse der Jugendlichen nach Spiel, Sport und der Enttabuisierung der ersten sexuellen Erfahrungen ab. Die Jugendzentren boten einen Raum, in dem sich Jugendliche beider Geschlechter begegnen konnten. Besonders die MK blieb aber eine Institution, die nichts mit dem wilden Leben der 68er, wie es in Filmen gerne transportiert wird, zu tun hatte. So fanden zum Beispiel Tanzkurse nicht im Advent, Fasching oder an Samstagen statt, für unter 17jährige waren sie überhaupt verbotene Früchte.
Nevertheless, the youth centres went too far for Bishop Rusch. The critical articles in the MK newspaper We discuss, die immerhin eine Auflage von über 2000 Stück erreichte, fanden immer seltener sein Gefallen. Solidarität mit Vietnam war das eine, aber Kritik an Schützen und Bundesheer konnten nicht geduldet werden. Nach jahrelangen Streitigkeiten zwischen Bischof und Jugendzentrum kam es 1973 zum Showdown. Als Pater Kripp sein Buch Farewell to tomorrow veröffentlichte, in dem er von seinem pädagogischen Konzept und der Arbeit in der MK berichtete, kam es zu einem nicht öffentlichen Verfahren innerhalb der Diözese und des Jesuitenordens gegen den Leiter des Jugendzentrums. Trotz massiver Proteste von Eltern und Mitgliedern wurde Kripp entfernt. Weder die innerkirchliche Intervention durch den bedeutenden Theologen Karl Rahner noch eine vom Künstler Paul Flora ins Leben gerufene Unterschriftenaktion oder regionale und überregionale Empörung in der Presse konnte den allzu liberalen Pater vor dem Zorn Ruschs retten, der sich für die Amtsenthebung sogar den päpstlichen Segen aus Rom zusichern ließ.
Im Juli 1974 war es vorübergehend auch mit dem Z6 vorbei. Artikel über die Antibaby-Pille und Kritik der Z6-Zeitung an der katholischen Kirche waren zu viel für den strengen Bischof. Rusch ließ kurzerhand die Schlüssel des Jugendzentrums austauschen, eine Methode, die er auch bei der Catholic Student Union when it got too close to a left-wing action group. The Tiroler Tageszeitung noted this in a small article on 1 August 1974:
"In recent weeks, there had been profound disputes between the educators and the bishop over fundamental issues. According to the bishop, the views expressed in "Z 6" were "no longer in line with church teaching". For example, the leadership of the centre granted young people absolute freedom of conscience without simultaneously recognising objective norms and also permitted sexual relations before marriage."
It was his adherence to conservative values and his stubbornness that damaged Rusch's reputation in the last 20 years of his life. When he was consecrated as the first bishop of the newly founded diocese of Innsbruck in 1964, times were changing. The progressive with practical life experience of the past was overtaken by the modern life of a new generation and the needs of the emerging consumer society. The bishop's constant criticism of the lifestyle of his flock and his stubborn adherence to his overly conservative values, coupled with some bizarre statements, turned the co-founder of development aid into a Brother in needthe young, hands-on bishop of the reconstruction, from the late 1960s onwards as a reason for leaving the church. His concept of repentance and penance took on bizarre forms. He demanded guilt and atonement from the Tyroleans for their misdemeanours during the Nazi era, but at the same time described the denazification laws as too far-reaching and strict. In response to the new sexual practices and abortion laws under Chancellor Kreisky, he said that girls and young women who have premature sexual intercourse are up to twelve times more likely to develop cancer of the mother's organs. Rusch described Hamburg as a cesspool of sin and he suspected that the simple minds of the Tyrolean population were not up to phenomena such as tourism and nightclubs and were tempted to immoral behaviour. He feared that technology and progress were making people too independent of God. He was strictly against the new custom of double income. People should be satisfied with a spiritual family home with a vegetable garden and not strive for more; women should concentrate on their traditional role as housewife and mother.
In 1973, after 35 years at the head of the church community in Tyrol and Innsbruck, Bishop Rusch was made an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck. He resigned from his office in 1981. In 1986, Innsbruck's first bishop was laid to rest in St Jakob's Cathedral. The Bishop Paul's Student Residence The church of St Peter Canisius in the Höttinger Au, which was built under him, commemorates him.
After its closure in 1974, the Z6 youth centre moved to Andreas-Hofer-Straße 11 before finding its current home in Dreiheiligenstraße, in the middle of the working-class district of the early modern period opposite the Pest Church. Jussuf Windischer remained in Innsbruck after working on social projects in Brazil. The father of four children continued to work with socially marginalised groups, was a lecturer at the Social Academy, prison chaplain and director of the Caritas Integration House in Innsbruck.
The MK also still exists today, even though the Kennedy House, which was converted into a Sigmund Kripp House was renamed, no longer exists. In 2005, Kripp was made an honorary citizen of the city of Innsbruck by his former sodalist and later deputy mayor, like Bishop Rusch before him.
Universitätsstadt Innsbruck
1669 gilt als das offizielle Gründungsjahr einer der wichtigsten Institutionen der Innsbrucker Stadtgeschichte. Am 15. Oktober gab Kaiser Leopold I. den Tirolern das Privileg des „Haller Salzaufschlags“, der es ermöglichte die begehrte Handelsware stärker zu besteuern und damit den Universitätsbetrieb zu finanzieren. Die Universität ging aus der Lateinschule hervor, die von den Jesuiten etwas mehr als hundert Jahre zuvor unter Ferdinand I. gegründet worden war. Der Schwerpunkt am Gymnasium lag auf der humanistischen Bildung. Latein und Griechisch waren Schwerpunkte im Unterricht. Wissenschaftliche Bücher wurden in der Frühen Neuzeit noch immer auf Latein verfasst. Auch für höhere Posten im öffentlichen Dienst war Latein Voraussetzung. Die Universität brachte neue Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten nach Innsbruck. Die erste Fakultät, die den Lehrbetrieb aufnahm, war die Philosophie. Theologie, Recht und Medizin folgten kurz darauf. Als Papst Innozenz XI. der Universität 1677 seinen Segen gab, war der Betrieb schon voll angelaufen und Studenten aus Tirol und anderen Ländern tummelten sich in Innsbruck. Ein Studium dauerte für gewöhnlich sieben Jahre, bevor sich der Absolvent als Zeichen seines Status als Doktor einen Ring über den Finger streifen durfte. In den ersten beiden Jahren musste jeder Student der Philosophie widmen, bevor er sich für ein Gebiet entschied. Zum geisteswissenschaftlichen Unterricht kamen Kirchendienste, Theateraufführungen, Musizieren und praktische Dinge wie Fechten und Reiten, die im Leben eines gebildeten jungen Mannes nicht fehlen durften.
Die Universität war aber mehr als ein Bildungsinstitut. Studenten und Professoren veränderten das soziale Gefüge der Stadt. Bei gesellschaftlichen Anlässen wie Prozessionen stachen Abordnungen wie die Congregation der heiligen Jungfrau, die sich aus Mitgliedern der jesuitisch geprägten Universität speiste, hervor. Die Professoren pflegten in ihren je nach Fachgebiet verschiedenartigen Samtmänteln aufzutreten, die Studenten mit den Schwertern, die sie tragen durften. Die Akademiker sprachen auch auf Deutsch anders als die einheimische Bevölkerung, offizielles wurde ohnehin meist auf Latein erledigt. 1665 hatte Innsbruck den Rang einer Residenzstadt verloren und hatte damit an Prestige und Glanz verloren. Der Universitätsbetrieb machte diese Degradierung etwas wett, blieb die Aristokratie so zumindest in Form von Studenten erhalten. Work hard, play hard galt auch damals als Motto. Der von den Professoren streng überwachte studentische Alltag in Aula und den Hörsälen wurde von einem bunten Mix aus feuchtfröhlicher Abendunterhaltung, Ausflügen in die Umgebung Innsbrucks, Musizieren, kirchlichen Prozessionen und Theateraufführungen aufgelockert. Das Zusammentreffen privilegierter Jugendlicher mit Bürgern, Dienstboten und Handwerkern lief nicht immer reibungsfrei ab. Unter den anfangs knapp 300 Studenten fanden sich viele Söhne aus Adelshäusern wieder. Die jungen Männer traten, anders als die streng und sittlich gekleideten Einwohner Innsbrucks, bunt und keck nach der Art mittelalterlicher Gecken in Erscheinung. Sie sprachen in einer Art und Weise miteinander, die Uneingeweihten als vollkommen lächerlich erscheinen musste. Bei den Studenten handelte es sich trotz ihres gesellschaftlichen Ranges häufig genug auch nicht um strebsame Musterschüler, sondern um junge Burschen, die einen gewissen Lebensstil und Status gewohnt waren. So begaben sich im Januar 1674 „nit allein zu nächtlicher Zeit sich Ungelegenheiten, Rumores und ungereimte Handlungen“ und es wurden „Studenten der Universität angetroffen, die allerlei verbotene Waffen wie Feuerrohr, Pistolen, Terzerol, Stilett, Säbel, Messer…“ bei sich hatten. Die der Oberschicht entstammenden Teenager waren es gewohnt, Waffen zu tragen und auch zu benutzen. Ehrverletzungen konnten, ähnlich wie beim Militär, auch in studentischen Kreisen zu Duellen führen. Besonders in Paarung mit Alkohol waren Ausschreitungen nicht ungewöhnlich.
Das exzentrische Verhalten der jungen Männer führte immer wieder zu skurrilen Problemen untereinander und mit den nicht-akademischen Innsbruckern. Studenten war es zum Beispiel verboten, über den Durst zu trinken. Geschah dies doch in einer der Wirtschaften Innsbrucks, so wurde der junge Delinquent ermahnt. Konnte oder wollte er die Rechnung nicht begleichen, konnte der geschädigte Wirt bei Gericht keine Anzeige einbringen, da der Ausschank alkoholischer Getränke über die Maßen an die Studentenschaft verboten war. Um den jungen Eliten Herr zu werden, bedurfte es eines eigenen Rechtssystems. Studenten unterlagen bis zu einem gewissen Grad dem Universitätsrecht unterlagen, das vom Stadtrecht losgelöst war. Um das Recht durchzusetzen, stellte das Rektorat eine eigene Truppe aus. Die Scharwache war mit Hellebarden bewaffnet und sollte die Rumores der Studenten so gut als möglich verhindern. Sechs Mann hatten Tag und Nacht bewaffneten Dienst, um die Ordnung aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Kosten dafür teilten sich die Stadt Innsbruck und die Universität. Es gab auch einen eigenen Carcer, um Übeltäter bei Wasser und Brot zu verwahren. Freiheitsentzug, Geldbußen und sogar Landesverweise konnten von der Universität ausgesprochen werden. Nur für die Blutgerichtsbarkeit musste die Landesregierung angerufen werden.
Die Universität war auch sonst durch ihre Geschichte hindurch ein Politikum. Der Name Leopold Franzens University geht auf die beiden Kaiser Leopold und Franz zurück, unter denen sie jeweils gegründet wurde. Zweimal wurde die Universität zu einem Lyzeum herabgestuft oder gar ganz abgeschafft. Kaiser Josef II. schloss die Pforten ebenso wie die bayerische Verwaltung während der Napoleonischen Kriege. Die jesuitisch geprägten und Studenten und Professoren waren ihnen suspekt und wurden aus dem Bildungssektor verband. Kaiser Franz I., der in der Restauration wieder mehr auf der traditionell katholischen Linie der Habsburger war, nahm 1826 die Neugründung vor. Unter Beobachtung blieb die Universität aber auch im Polizeistaat Metternichs weiterhin. Im Vormärz waren es nationalistisch und liberal gesinnte Kräfte, die man fürchtete. Die geheime Staatspolizei war nicht nur in den Hörsälen, sondern auch sonst in den studentischen Kreisen präsent, um problematisches Gedankengut junger Aufwiegler möglichst früh im Keim zu ersticken.
Die Industrialisierung und die damit einhergehenden neuen wirtschaftlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Spielregeln veränderten den Universitätsbetrieb. Ganz im Geist der Zeit beschäftigte sich die Eröffnungsrede des Dekans der philosophischen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Joachim Suppan (1794 – 1864), mit einem praktischen Problem der Physik, damit „eine genauere Kenntnis der so wichtigen und nützlichen Erfindung der Dampfmaschine auch für die vaterländische Industrie, wo dieselbe bisher noch keine Anwendung hat" would be achieved. The fact that Supan was also an ordained priest in addition to his degrees in philosophy and mathematics shows the influence that the church had on the education system in the 19th century. Supan's final exhortation to the students shows how closely the university was linked to the state authorities alongside the church, „dereinst dem Vaterlande durch Kenntnis und Tugend ersprießliche Dienste zu leisten“.
Die Nationalitätenkonflikte der späten Monarchie spiegelten sich ebenfalls in der Universitätsgeschichte wider. Das 19. Jahrhundert war das Zeitalter des Vereinswesens, im Fall der Universität der Studentenverbindungen. Im Falle Innsbruck waren es vor allem Probleme zwischen deutschsprachigen und italienischsprachigen Studenten, die immer wieder zu Problemen führten und ihren Höhepunkt in den Fatti di Innsbruck fanden. Deutschnational gesinnte Studenten spielten auch in weiterer Folge eine Hauptrolle an der Universität. Viele der jungen Männer waren im habsburgischen Großreich aufgewachsen und hatten im Ersten Weltkrieg gedient. Die junge Republik Österreich lag unter den jungen Akademikern nicht im Trend. Die Begeisterung flog teils dem als modern und dynamisch wirkenden faschistischen Italien und später dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland zu. Mit dem Anschluss an das Deutsche Reiche 1938 wurde die Universität ein weiteres Mal umbenannt. Nach dem Krieg wurde aus der German Alpine University again the Leopold Franzens University.
Die Universität war wie so vieles dem Standesdenken ihrer jeweiligen Zeit unterworfen. Frauen und Söhnen von Handwerksfamilien war das Studium an der Universität lange nicht gestattet. Das änderte sich erst in der Zeit nach der Monarchie. Den ersten weiblichen Doktor der Juristerei der Universität feierte man gar erst fünf Jahre nach der Entstehung der Republik. Die Presse notierte:
„Am kommenden Samstag wird an der Innsbrucker Universität Fräulein Mitzi Fischer zum Doktor iuris promoviert. Fräulein Fischer ist eine gebürtige Wienerin. In Wien absolvierte sie auch das Gymnasium. Nach der Reifeprüfung oblag sie dem juristischen Studium der Universität Innsbruck. Die zukünftige Doktorin hat sämtliche Prüfungen mit Auszeichnungen absolviert, müßte also nach dem früheren Brauche sub auspiciis imperatoris promovieren. Jedenfalls ist Fräulein Fischer die erste Dame, die sich an der Innsbrucker Universität den juristischen Doktortitel erwirbt.“
Erstaunlich ruhig verhielten sich die Studenten in Innsbruck in den Wendejahren 1848 und 1968 an der Universität. Während in anderen europäischen Städten die Studenten Treiber des Wandels waren, blieb man in Innsbruck unaufgeregt. Es gab in den späten 1960ern und 70ern zwar einzelne Gruppen wie die Communist Group Innsbruck, das Committee for Solidarity with Vietnam, die sozialistische VSStÖ oder die liberal-katholische Aktion innerhalb der ÖH, zu einer Massenbewegung kam es nicht. Während in Paris Pflastersteine flogen, gab man sich in Innsbruck mit Boykotten und Sit-ins zufrieden. Der allergrößte Teil der Studenten entstammte der Oberschicht und hatte die Matura in einem katholisch orientierten Gymnasium absolviert. Beethovens Weisheit, dass „As long as the Austrians still have brown beer and sausages, they won't revolt,“ traf zu. Nur wenige Studenten konnten sich für Solidarität mit Vietnam, Mao Zedong und Fidel Castro begeistern. Wer wollte schon die eigene Karriere aufs Spiel setzen, in einem Land, das von der Dreifaltigkeit aus Tiroler Tageszeitung, Bischof Paulus Rusch und dem Landtag mit absoluter Mehrheit der ÖVP dominiert wurde? Wer es trotzdem wagte, aufsässige Flugblätter oder linke Literatur zu verbreiten, musste mit medialer Diffamierung, einer Rüge durch das Rektorat oder gar dem Besuch der Staatsgewalt rechnen. Kritisiert wurden nur selten die Professoren, die im 20. Jahrhundert häufig noch Distanziertheit und den unnahbaren Nimbus der Frühen Neuzeit versprühten oder kaum Hehl aus ihrer politischen Gesinnung machten. Eher war die mangelhafte Ausstattung der bescheidenen Lehrsäle für die stets zunehmende Anzahl an Studenten. Die große Veränderung in den Universitäten wurde in Österreich nicht erkämpft, sondern gewählt. Unter Bundeskanzler Bruno Kreisky fielen die die Studiengebühren. Bildung wurde für eine größere Anzahl junger Menschen leist- und vorstellbar. Die Zahl der Studenten an österreichischen Hochschulen stieg dadurch zwischen 1968 und 1974 von 50.000 auf über 73.000 Menschen an.
Trotz aller Widrigkeiten und Kuriositäten durch die Jahrhunderte genoss die Universität Innsbruck seit ihren Anfangstagen meist einen sehr guten Ruf. Lehrende und Studierende sorgten im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert mehrfach für aufsehenerregende Leistungen in der Forschung. Victor Franz Hess wurde für seine Verdienste rund um die Erforschung der kosmischen Strahlung den Nobelpreis für Physik. Auch der Quantenphysiker Anton Zeilinger war an der Universität Innsbruck tätig, wenn auch nicht im Jahr 2022 bei seiner Verleihung. Den Nobelpreis für Chemie erhielten auch die Professoren Fritz Pregl, Adolf Windaus und Hans Fischer, wobei auch sie nicht mehr in Innsbruck tätig waren. Die Universitätsklinik erbrachte sowohl in Forschung und Ausbildung wie auch in der täglichen Versorgung der Stadt sehr gute Leistungen und zählt zu den Aushängeschildern Innsbrucks.
Nicht nur in intellektueller und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht ist die Universität wichtig für die Stadt. 30.000 Studierende bevölkern und prägen das Leben zwischen Nordkette und Patscherkofel. Die Zeit, in der junge Aristokraten in bunten Klamotten bei Prozessionen ausfällig werden, sind vorüber. Mittlerweile sind sie eher auf den Skipisten und Mountainbike-Trails zu finden. Das größte Problem, das die jungen Damen und Herren verursachen, sind auch keine Pogrome gegenüber nicht-deutschen Bevölkerungsgruppen. Ein großer Teil der Studierenden des 21. Jahrhunderts kommt selbst aus dem Ausland und treibt die Preise am Wohnungsmarkt seit den 1970erJahren auf Rekordhöhe. Im Oktober 1972 kam es zur Besetzung des Hexenhauses, einer leerstehenden Immobilie der Universität in der Schöpfstraße 24, die kurzerhand von einer Handvoll Studenten okkupiert wurde. Innsbruck gilt als die teuerste Landeshauptstadt, was Wohnraum betrifft, der Leerstand von Immobilien ist mehr als 50 Jahre nach der Hausbesetzung noch immer ein drängendes Problem. Wie sehr die Studierenden Innsbruck beleben, merkt man erst, wenn die Auswärtigen zwischen den einzelnen Semestern in ihre Heimat zurückkehren. Zehntausende beleben nicht nur das Nachtleben, sondern verpassen der Kleinstadt auch fast 400 Jahre nach der Gründung internationales Flair und hippe Urbanität.
Johann von Sieberer: Innsbruck's good spirit
Waren es in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit vor allem Kirche und Aristokratie, die für die Entwicklung von Infrastruktur und Bauten im öffentlichen Raum verantwortlich waren, machten sich im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert Mitglieder des wohlhabenden Bürgertums dazu auf, das Stadtbild mit ihren Projekten zu prägen. Die politischen Umwälzungen von 1848 und 1867 hatten die Karten neu gemischt. Kleinadel und Klerus hatten Vermögen, Macht und gesellschaftlichen Einfluss verloren. Für sie sprang das gehobene Bürgertum ein, das sich in Innsbruck aus vermögenden Händlern, Gastronomen, Hoteliers und Industriellen zusammensetzte. Männer wie der Bierbrauer, Schloss- und Lokalbesitzer Robert Nißl, Alois Epp, Leonhard Lang oder Josef Kiebach stifteten Teile ihres Vermögens und engagierten sich in Vereinen, um Infrastruktur und Soziales am Laufen zu halten. Die Aufstiege zeugen davon, dass es in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wie nie zuvor möglich war, durch Geschick, Fleiß und etwas Glück aufzusteigen. Lang war vom Sohn eines Schmieds aus Mühlau durch geschicktes Wirtschaften zum Papierfabrikanten und Händler aufgestiegen. Der Industrielle, nach dem die Langstraße in Pradl benannt ist, hatte 1882 unter anderem das Hotel Österreichischer Hof gekauft. Neben seiner Stiftung engagierte er sich für das Volkskunstmuseum, das Ferdinandeum und ermöglichte der Stadt Innsbruck den Bau des Neuen Rathauses in der Maria-Theresienstraße. Kiebach (1828 – 1875) war der Sohn eines Schlossermeisters. Kiebach erbte sowohl von seinem Vater wie auch seinem Onkel und vermachte nach seinem Tod einen großen Teil seines Vermögens, um in den schwierigen Jahren nach der Wirtschaftskrise von 1873 den Armenfonds zu betreiben. Das bekannteste und bis heute am besten im Innsbrucker Stadtbild sichtbare Mitglied dieser neuen Klasse erfolgreicher Unternehmer in Innsbruck war Freiherr Johann von Sieberer.
Johann Sieberer was born in Going near Kitzbühel in 1830 as an illegitimate child. The Bishop of Salzburg liked to spend his days off in the Tyrolean mountains. The school system in the Tyrolean lowlands was also administered by the diocese of Salzburg at the time. During a visit to the local primary school, he noticed a particularly keen boy. In 1840, at the behest of the bishop, Sieberer was appointed to the Borromeo in Salzburg as a choirboy. The Archbishop of Salzburg recognised his outstanding talent early on and allowed the boy to attend the Franciscan grammar school in Hall in Tyrol. After leaving school, he studied law in Vienna before entering the service of the family of the Bishop of Salzburg, the Princes of Schwarzenberg. This family was one of the most influential in the Austrian aristocracy. Archduke Albrecht, in whose service Sieberer was, was the founder of the Viennese art collection Albertina. Sieberer worked in the administration of the family's industrial plants and got to know many members of the aristocracy and moneyed gentry of the K&K monarchy while travelling through the monarchy. When, through Albrecht's mediation, he worked from 1860 for the Insurance company Österreichischer Phönix he was able to turn these contacts into money. He amassed a large fortune by selling high policies to members of the Habsburg family and other aristocrats. He acquired his private villa in Meidling near Vienna and invested his money in apartment blocks in the capital.
Johann von Sieberer is best known for his generous foundations in Innsbruck. With the social changes of the 19th century, the traditional extended family began to lose its role as the first port of call in times of need in urban areas. Although the state had increasingly taken over welfare from the church since Maria Theresa and outsourced it to the local authorities, there was often a lack of funds. Sieberer, a devout Catholic in Innsbruck, filled this gap as a kind of patriotic patron in the spirit of Christian charity.
From 1885 until his death in 1914, Sieberer was a benefactor to the Tyrolean capital. The orphanage and a fund to run it, as well as the Franz Joseph Jubilee Travellers' Asylum, can be traced back to the philanthropist Sieberer's donations. He also contributed to the remodelling of the Jesuit church. Unfortunately, only archive photos show the magnificent Unification fountainwhich was erected in 1906 on the then still ostentatious station square in the style of historicism and had to make way for the new transport concept in 1940.
The orphanage and the Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Greisenasyl were infrastructure that could not be financed by the city due to the tight financial situation. Sieberer felt he belonged to what Max Weber called the Protestant work ethic, but imitated the conservative aristocratic circles in which he had been socialised. The individual, virtuous citizen was to serve as an example to the collective. His two building projects were statements and expressions of a new bourgeois self-image. It is interesting to note that Sieberer, unlike monarchs and princes of the past, did not allow himself to be staged by name on his projects.
In 1909, Sieberer was made an honorary citizen of Innsbruck by Mayor Wilhelm Greil, and in 1910 he was made a baron by the Emperor. In Innsbruck, Siebererstraße in the Saggen district commemorates this great Innsbrucker. A memorial in honour of Sieberer was planned during his lifetime. The First World War and the political and financial problems that followed prevented its erection.
Leopold V & Claudia de Medici: Glamour and splendour in Innsbruck
The most important princely couple for the Baroque face of Innsbruck ruled Tyrol during the period in which the Thirty Years' War devastated Europe. The Habsburg Leopold (1586 - 1632) to lead the princely affairs of state in the Upper Austrian regiment in Tyrol and the foothills. He had enjoyed a classical education under the wing of the Jesuits. He studied philosophy and theology in Graz and Judenburg in order to prepare himself for the clerical realm of power politics, a common career path for later-born sons who had little chance of ascending to secular thrones. Leopold's early career in the church's power structure epitomised everything that Protestants and church reformers rejected about the Catholic Church. At the age of 12, he was elected Bishop of Passau, and at thirteen he was appointed coadjutor of the diocese of Strasbourg in Lorraine. However, he never received ecclesiastical ordination. His prince-bishop was responsible for his spiritual duties. He was a passionate politician, travelled extensively between his dioceses and took part on the imperial side in the conflict between Rudolf II and Matthias, the model for Franz Grillparzer's "Fraternal strife in the House of Habsburg". These agendas, which were not necessarily an honour for a churchman, were intended to keep Leopold's chances of becoming a secular prince alive.
This opportunity came when the unmarried Maximilian III died childless in 1618. At the behest of his brother, Leopold acted as the Habsburg Governor and regent of these Upper and Vorderösterreichische, also Mitincorpierter Leuth and Lannde. In his first years as regent, he continued to commute between his bishoprics in southern and western Germany, which were threatened by the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War. The ambitious power politician was probably satisfied with his exciting life in the midst of high politics, but not with his status as gubernator. He wanted the title of Prince Regnant along with homage and dynastic hereditary rights. He lacked a suitable bride, time and money for the title of prince and to set up a court. The costly disputes in which he was involved had emptied Leopold's coffers.
The money came with the bride and with it came time. Claudia de Medici (1604 - 1648) from the rich Tuscan family of merchants and princes was chosen to bring dynastic delights to the future sovereign, who was already approaching 40. Claudia had already been promised to the Duke of Urbino as a child, whom she married at the age of 17 despite a request from Emperor Ferdinand II. After two years of marriage, her husband died. The ties with the Habsburgs were still there. The two dynasties had been closely intertwined since the marriage of Francesco de Medici to Joan of Habsburg, a daughter of Ferdinand I. at the latest. Leopold and Claudia were also a Perfect Match of title, power, baroque piety and money. Leopold's sister Maria Magdalena had landed in Florence as Grand Duchess of Tuscany by marriage and sent her brother a painted portrait of the young widow Claudia with the accompanying words that she "beautiful in face, body and virtue" be. After a chicken-and-egg dance - the bride's family wanted an assurance of the son-in-law's titles while his brother the emperor demanded proof of a bride for the award of the ducal dignity - the time had come. In 1625, Leopold, now elevated to duke, well-fed and forty years old, renounced his ecclesiastical possessions and dignities in order to marry and found a new Tyrolean line of the House of Habsburg with his bride, who was almost 20 years his junior.
The relationship between the prince and the Italian woman was to characterise Innsbruck. The Medici had made a fortune from the cotton and textile trade, but above all from financial transactions, and had risen to political power. Under the Medici, Florence had become the cultural and financial centre of Europe, comparable to the New York of the 20th century or the Arab Emirates of the 21st century. The Florentine cathedral, which was commissioned by the powerful wool merchants' guild, was the most spectacular building in the world in terms of its design and size. Galileo Galilei was the first mathematician of Duke Cosimo II. In 1570, Cosimo de Medici was appointed the first Grand Duke of Tuscany by the Pope. Thanks to generous loans and donations, the Tuscan moneyed aristocracy became European aristocracy. In the 17th century, the city on the Arno had lost some of its political clout, but in cultural terms Florence was still the benchmark. Leopold did everything in his power to catapult his royal seat into this league.
In February 1622, the wedding celebrations between Emperor Ferdinand II and Eleanor of Mantua took place in Innsbruck. Innsbruck was easier to reach than Vienna for the bridal party from northern Italy. Tyrol was also denominationally united and had been spared the first years of the Thirty Years' War. While the imperial wedding was completed in five days, Leopold and Claudia's party lasted over two weeks. The official wedding took place in Florence Cathedral without the presence of the groom. The subsequent celebration in honour of the union of Habsburg and Medici went down as one of the most magnificent in Innsbruck's history and kept the city in suspense for a fortnight. After a frosty entry from the snow-covered Brenner Pass, Innsbruck welcomed its new princess and her family. The husband and his subjects had prayed in advance for divine blessing to purify themselves. Like the Emperor before them, the bridal couple entered the city in a long procession through two specially erected gates. 1500 marksmen fired volleys from all guns. Drummers, pipers and the bells of the Hofkirche accompanied the procession of 750 people as they marvelled at the crowd. A broad entertainment programme with hunts, theatre, dances, music and all kinds of exotic events such as "Bears, Türggen and Moors" left guests and townspeople in raptures and amazement. From today's perspective, a less glamorous highlight was the Cat racein which several riders attempted to chop off the head of a cat hanging by its legs as it rode past.
Leopold's early years in power were less glorious for his subjects. His politics were characterised by many disputes with the estates. As a hardliner of the Counter-Reformation, he was a supporter of the imperial troops. The Lower Engadine, over which Leopold had jurisdiction, was a constant centre of unrest. Under the pretext of protecting the Catholic subjects living there from Protestant attacks, Leopold had the area occupied. Although he was always able to successfully suppress uprisings, the resources required to do so infuriated the population and the estates. The situation on the northern border with Bavaria was also unsettled and required Leopold as warlord. Duke Bernhard of Weimar had taken Füssen and was at the Ehrenberger Klause on the border. Although Innsbruck was spared direct hostilities, it was still part of the Thirty Years' War thanks to the nearby front lines.
He provided the financial means for this through a comprehensive tax reform to the detriment of the middle class. The inflation that was common during wars due to the stagnation of trade, which was important for Innsbruck, worsened the lives of the subjects. In 1622, a bad harvest due to bad weather exacerbated the situation, which was already strained by the interest burden on the state budget caused by old debts. His insistence on enforcing modern Roman law across the board as opposed to traditional customary law did not win him any favour with many of his subjects.
All this did not stop Leopold and Claudia from holding court in a splendid absolutist manner. Innsbruck was extensively remodelled in Baroque style during Leopold's reign. Parties were held at court in the presence of the European aristocracy. Shows such as lion fights with the exotic animals from the prince's own stock, which Ferdinand II had established in the Court Garden, theatre and concerts served to entertain court society.
The morals and customs of the rugged Alpine people were to improve. It was a balancing act between festivities at court and the ban on carnival celebrations for normal citizens. The wrath of God, which after all had brought plague and war, was to be kept away as far as possible through virtuous behaviour. Swearing, shouting and the use of firearms in the streets were banned. The pious court took strict action against pimping, prostitution, adultery and moral decay. Jews also had hard times under Leopold and Claudia. The hatred of the always unloved Hebrew gave rise to one of the most unsavoury traditions of Tyrolean piety. In 1642, Dr Hippolyt Guarinoni, a monastery doctor of Italian origin from Hall and founder of the Karlskirche church in Volders, wrote the legend of the Martyr's child Anderle von Rinn. Inspired by Simon of Trento, who was allegedly murdered by Jews in his home town in 1475, Guarinoni wrote the Anderl song in verse. In Rinn near Innsbruck, an anti-Semitic Anderl cult developed around the remains of Andreas Oxner, who was allegedly murdered by Jews in 1462 - the year had appeared to the doctor in a dream - and was only banned by the Bishop of Innsbruck in 1989.
Innsbruck was not only cleaned morally, but also actually. Waste, which was a particular problem when there was no rain and no water flowing through the sewer system, was regularly cleaned up by princely decree. Farm animals were no longer allowed to roam freely within the city walls. The wave of plague a few years earlier was still fresh in the memory. Bad odours and miasmas were to be kept away at all costs.
After the early death of Leopold, Claudia ruled the country in place of her underage son with the help of her court chancellor Wilhelm Biener (1590 - 1651) with modern, confessionally motivated, early absolutist policies and a strict hand. She was able to rely on a well-functioning administration. The young widow surrounded herself with Italians and Italian-speaking Tyroleans, who brought fresh ideas into the country, but at the same time also toughness in the fight against the Lutheranism showed. In order to avoid fires, in 1636, the Lion house and the Ansitz Ruhelust Ferdinand II, stables and other wooden buildings within the city walls had to be demolished. Silkworm breeding in Trentino and the first tentative plans for a Tyrolean university flourished under Claudia's reign. Chancellor Biener centralised parts of the administration. Above all, the fragmented legal system within the Tyrolean territories was to be replaced by a universal code. To achieve this, the often arbitrary actions of the local petty nobility had to be further disempowered in favour of the sovereign.
This system was not only intended to finance the expensive court, but also the defence of the country. It was not only Protestant troops from southern Germany that threatened the Habsburg possessions. France, actually a Catholic power, also wanted to hold the lands of the Casa de Austria in Spain, Italy and the Vorlanden, today's Benelux countries, harmless. Innsbruck became one of the centres of the Habsburg war council. On the edge of the front in the German lands and centred between Vienna and Tuscany, the city was perfect for Austrians, Spaniards and Italians to meet. The Swedes, notorious for their brutality, threatened Tyrol directly, but were prevented from invading. The castle and ramparts that protected Tyrol were built by unwanted inhabitants of the country, beggars, gypsies and deserted soldiers using forced labour. Defences were built near Scharnitz on today's German border and named after the provincial princess Porta Claudia called.
When Claudia de Medici died in 1648, there was an uprising of the estates against the central government, as there was in England under Cromwell at almost the same time. Claudia, who had never learnt the local German language and was still unfamiliar with local customs even after more than 20 years, had never been particularly popular with the population. However, there was no question of deposing her. The cup of hemlock was passed on to her chancellor. The uncomfortable Biener was recognised by Claudia's successor, Archduke Ferdinand Karl, and the estates as a Persona non grata was imprisoned and, like Charles I, beheaded two years after a show trial in 1651.
A touch of Florence and Medici still characterises Innsbruck today: both the Jesuit church, where Claudia and Leopold found their final resting place, and the Mariahilf parish church still bear the coat of arms of their family with the red balls and lilies. The Old Town Hall in the old town centre is also known as Claudiana known. Remains of the Porta Claudia near Scharnitz still stand today. The theatre in Innsbruck is particularly associated with Leopold's name. The Leopold Fountain in front of the House of Music commemorates him. Those who dare to climb the striking Serles mountain start the hike at the Maria Waldrast monastery, which Leopold devotedly founded in 1621 as a theatre. marvellous picture of our dear lady at the Waldrast to the Servite Order and had Claudia extended. A street name in Saggen was dedicated to Chancellor Wilhelm Biener.
Ferdinand II: Innsbruck's Principe and Renaissance Prince
Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria (1529 - 1595) is one of the most colourful figures in Tyrolean history. His father, Emperor Ferdinand I, gave him an excellent education. He grew up at the Spanish court of his uncle Emperor Charles V. The years in which Ferdinand received his schooling were the early years of Jesuit influence at the Habsburg courts. The young statesman was brought up entirely in the spirit of pious humanism. This was complemented by the customs of the Renaissance aristocracy. At a young age, he travelled through Italy and Burgundy and had become acquainted with a lifestyle at the wealthy courts there that had not yet established itself among the German aristocracy. Ferdinand was what today would be described as a globetrotter, a member of the educated elite or a cosmopolitan. He was considered intelligent, charming and artistic. Among his less eccentric contemporaries, Ferdinand enjoyed a reputation as an immoral and hedonistic libertine. Even during his lifetime, he was rumoured to have organised debauched and immoral orgies.
Ferdinand's father divided his realm between his sons. Maximilian II, who was rightly suspected of heresy and adherence to Protestant doctrines by his parents, inherited Upper and Lower Austria as well as Bohemia and Hungary. Ferdinand's younger brother Charles ruled in Inner Austria, i.e. Carinthia, Styria and Carniola. The middle child received Tyrol, which at the time extended as far as the Engadine, and the fragmented Habsburg Forelands in the west of the central European possessions.
Ferdinand took over the province of Tyrol as sovereign in turbulent times. He had already spent several years in Innsbruck in his youth. The mines in Schwaz began to become unprofitable due to the cheap silver from America. The flood of silver from the Habsburg possessions in New Spain on the other side of the Atlantic led to inflation. However, these financial problems did not stop Ferdinand from commissioning personal and public infrastructure. Innsbruck benefited enormously culturally from the fact that, after years without a sovereign ruler, it was now once again the centre of a ruler. The Italian cities of Florence, Venice and Milan were influential in terms of culture, art and architecture. Ferdinand's Tyrolean court was to be in no way inferior to them. Gone were the days when Germans were considered uncivilised in the more beautiful cities south of the Alps, barbaric or even as Pigs were labelled. To this end, he had Innsbruck remodelled in the spirit of the Renaissance. In keeping with the trend of the time, he imitated the Italian aristocratic courts. Court architect Giovanni Lucchese assisted him in this endeavour.
He spent a considerable part of his life at Ambras Castle near Innsbruck, where he amassed one of the most valuable collections of works of art and armour in the world. Ferdinand transformed the castle above the village of Amras into a modern court. His parties, masked balls and parades were legendary. During the wedding of a nephew, he had 1800 calves and 130 oxen roasted. Wine is said to have flowed from the wells instead of water for 10 days.
But Ambras Castle was not the end of Innsbruck's transformation. To the west of the city, an archway still reminds us of the Tiergartena hunting ground for Ferdinand, including a summer house also designed by Lucchese. In order for the prince to reach his weekend residence, a road was laid in the marshy Höttinger Au, which formed the basis for today's Kranebitter Allee. The Lusthaus was replaced in 1786 by what is now known as the Pulverturm The new building, which houses part of the sports science faculty of the University of Innsbruck, replaced the well-known building. The princely sport of hunting was followed in the former Lusthauswhich was the Powder Tower. In the city centre, he had the princely Comedihaus on today's Rennweg. In order to improve Innsbruck's drinking water supply, the Mühlauerbrücke bridge was built under Ferdinand to lay a water pipeline from the Mühlaubach stream into the city centre. The Jesuits, who had arrived in Innsbruck shortly before Ferdinand took office to make life difficult for troublesome reformers and church critics and to reorganise the education system, were given a new church in Silbergasse.
He paid particular attention to the religious orientation of his flock. In his Tyrolean provincial ordinance issued in 1573, he not only put a stop to fornication, swearing and prostitution, but also obliged his subjects to lead a God-fearing, i.e. Catholic, lifestyle. The "Prohibition of sorcery and disbelieving warfare" prohibited any deviation from the true faith on pain of imprisonment, corporal punishment and expropriation. Jews had to wear a clearly visible ring of yellow fabric on the left side of their chest at all times. At the same time, Ferdinand brought a Jewish financier to Innsbruck to handle the money transactions for the elaborate farm management. Samuel May and his family lived in the city as princely patronage Jews. Daniel Levi delighted Ferdinand with dancing and harp playing at the theatre and Elieser Lazarus looked after his health as court physician.
Fleecing the population, living in splendour, tolerating Protestantism among his important advisors and at the same time fighting Protestantism among the people was no contradiction for the trained Renaissance prince. Already at the age of 15, he marched under his uncle Charles V in the Schmalkaldic War into battle against the enemies of the Roman Church. As a sovereign, he saw himself as Advocatus Ecclesiae (note: representative of the church) in a confessional absolutist sense, who was responsible for the salvation of his subjects. Coercive measures, the foundation of churches and monasteries such as the Franciscans and the Capuchins in Innsbruck, improved pastoral care and the staging of Jesuit theatre plays such as "The beheading of John" were the weapons of choice against Protestantism. Ferdinand's piety was not artificial, but like most of his contemporaries, he managed to adapt flexibly to the situation.
Ferdinand's politics were suitably influenced by the Italian avant-garde of the time. Machiavelli wrote his work "Il Principe", which stated that rulers were allowed to do whatever was necessary for their success, even if they were incapable of being deposed. Ferdinand II attempted to do justice to this early absolutist style of leadership and issued his Tyrolean Provincial Code A modern set of legal rules by the standards of the time. For his subjects, this meant higher taxes on their earnings as well as extensive restrictions on mountain pastures, fishing and hunting rights. The miners, mining entrepreneurs and foreign trading companies with their offices in Innsbruck also drove up food prices. It could be summarised that Ferdinand enjoyed the exclusive pleasure of hunting on his estates, while his subjects lived at subsistence level due to increasing burdens, prices and game damage.
His relationship life was eccentric for a member of the high aristocracy. Ferdinand's first "semi-wild marriage" was to the commoner Philippine Welser. The sovereign is said to have been downright infatuated with his beautiful wife, which is why he disregarded all the conventions of the time. Their children were excluded from the succession due to the strict social order of the 16th century. After Philippine Welser died, Ferdinand married the devout Anna Caterina Gonzaga, a 16-year-old princess of Mantua, at the age of 53. However, it seems that the two did not feel much affection for each other, especially as Anna Caterina was a niece of Ferdinand. The Habsburgs were less squeamish about marriages between relatives than they were about the marriage of a nobleman to a commoner. However, he was also "only" able to father three daughters with her. Ferdinand's final resting place was in the Silver Chapel with his first wife Philippine Welser.
Believe, Church and Power
The abundance of churches, chapels, crucifixes and murals in public spaces has a peculiar effect on many visitors to Innsbruck from other countries. Not only places of worship, but also many private homes are decorated with depictions of the Holy Family or biblical scenes. The Christian faith and its institutions have characterised everyday life throughout Europe for centuries. Innsbruck, as the residence city of the strictly Catholic Habsburgs and capital of the self-proclaimed Holy Land of Tyrol, was particularly favoured when it came to the decoration of ecclesiastical buildings. The dimensions of the churches alone are gigantic by the standards of the past. In the 16th century, the town with its population of just under 5,000 had several churches that outshone every other building in terms of splendour and size, including the palaces of the aristocracy. Wilten Monastery was a huge complex in the centre of a small farming village that was grouped around it. The spatial dimensions of the places of worship reflect their importance in the political and social structure.
For many Innsbruck residents, the church was not only a moral authority, but also a secular landlord. The Bishop of Brixen was formally on an equal footing with the sovereign. The peasants worked on the bishop's estates in the same way as they worked for a secular prince on his estates. This gave them tax and legal sovereignty over many people. The ecclesiastical landowners were not regarded as less strict, but even as particularly demanding towards their subjects. At the same time, it was also the clergy in Innsbruck who were largely responsible for social welfare, nursing, care for the poor and orphans, feeding and education. The influence of the church extended into the material world in much the same way as the state does today with its tax office, police, education system and labour office. What democracy, parliament and the market economy are to us today, the Bible and pastors were to the people of past centuries: a reality that maintained order. To believe that all churchmen were cynical men of power who exploited their uneducated subjects is not correct. The majority of both the clergy and the nobility were pious and godly, albeit in a way that is difficult to understand from today's perspective.
Unlike today, religion was by no means a private matter. Violations of religion and morals were tried in secular courts and severely penalised. The charge for misconduct was heresy, which encompassed a wide range of offences. Sodomy, i.e. any sexual act that did not serve procreation, sorcery, witchcraft, blasphemy - in short, any deviation from the right belief in God - could be punished with burning. Burning was intended to purify the condemned and destroy them and their sinful behaviour once and for all in order to eradicate evil from the community.
For a long time, the church regulated the everyday social fabric of people down to the smallest details of daily life. Church bells determined people's schedules. Their sound called people to work, to church services or signalled the death of a member of the congregation. People were able to distinguish between individual bell sounds and their meaning. Sundays and public holidays structured the time. Fasting days regulated the diet. Family life, sexuality and individual behaviour had to be guided by the morals laid down by the church. The salvation of the soul in the next life was more important to many people than happiness on earth, as this was in any case predetermined by the events of time and divine will. Purgatory, the last judgement and the torments of hell were a reality and also frightened and disciplined adults.
While Innsbruck's bourgeoisie had been at least gently kissed awake by the ideas of the Enlightenment after the Napoleonic Wars, the majority of people in the surrounding communities remained attached to the mixture of conservative Catholicism and superstitious popular piety.
Faith and the church still have a firm place in the everyday lives of Innsbruck residents, albeit often unnoticed. The resignations from the church in recent decades have put a dent in the official number of members and leisure events are better attended than Sunday masses. However, the Roman Catholic Church still has a lot of ground in and around Innsbruck, even outside the walls of the respective monasteries and educational centres. A number of schools in and around Innsbruck are also under the influence of conservative forces and the church. And anyone who always enjoys a public holiday, pecks one Easter egg after another or lights a candle on the Christmas tree does not have to be a Christian to act in the name of Jesus disguised as tradition.
Baroque: art movement and art of living
Anyone travelling in Austria will be familiar with the domes and onion domes of churches in villages and towns. This form of church tower originated during the Counter-Reformation and is a typical feature of the Baroque architectural style. They are also predominant in Innsbruck's cityscape. Innsbruck's most famous places of worship, such as the cathedral, St John's Church and the Jesuit Church, are in the Baroque style. Places of worship were meant to be magnificent and splendid, a symbol of the victory of true faith. Religiousness was reflected in art and culture: grand drama, pathos, suffering, splendour and glory combined to create the Baroque style, which had a lasting impact on the entire Catholic-oriented sphere of influence of the Habsburgs and their allies between Spain and Hungary.
The cityscape of Innsbruck changed enormously. The Gumpps and Johann Georg Fischer as master builders as well as Franz Altmutter's paintings have had a lasting impact on Innsbruck to this day. The Old Country House in the historic city centre, the New Country House in Maria-Theresien-Straße, the countless palazzi, paintings, figures - the Baroque was the style-defining element of the House of Habsburg in the 17th and 18th centuries and became an integral part of everyday life. The bourgeoisie did not want to be inferior to the nobles and princes and had their private houses built in the Baroque style. Pictures of saints, depictions of the Mother of God and the heart of Jesus adorned farmhouses.
Baroque was not just an architectural style, it was an attitude to life that began after the end of the Thirty Years' War. The Turkish threat from the east, which culminated in the two sieges of Vienna, determined the foreign policy of the empire, while the Reformation dominated domestic politics. Baroque culture was a central element of Catholicism and its political representation in public, the counter-model to Calvin's and Luther's brittle and austere approach to life. Holidays with a Christian background were introduced to brighten up people's everyday lives. Architecture, music and painting were rich, opulent and lavish. In theatres such as the Comedihaus dramas with a religious background were performed in Innsbruck. Stations of the cross with chapels and depictions of the crucified Jesus dotted the landscape. Popular piety in the form of pilgrimages and the veneration of the Virgin Mary and saints found its way into everyday church life.
The Baroque piety was also used to educate the subjects. Even though the sale of indulgences was no longer a common practice in the Catholic Church after the 16th century, there was still a lively concept of heaven and hell. Through a virtuous life, i.e. a life in accordance with Catholic values and good behaviour as a subject towards the divine order, one could come a big step closer to paradise. The so-called Christian edification literature was popular among the population after the school reformation of the 18th century and showed how life should be lived. The suffering of the crucified Christ for humanity was seen as a symbol of the hardship of the subjects on earth within the feudal system. People used votive images to ask for help in difficult times or to thank the Mother of God for dangers and illnesses they had overcome. Great examples of this can be found on the eastern façade of the basilica in Wilten.
The historian Ernst Hanisch described the Baroque and the influence it had on the Austrian way of life as follows:
„Österreich entstand in seiner modernen Form als Kreuzzugsimperialismus gegen die Türken und im Inneren gegen die Reformatoren. Das brachte Bürokratie und Militär, im Äußeren aber Multiethnien. Staat und Kirche probierten den intimen Lebensbereich der Bürger zu kontrollieren. Jeder musste sich durch den Beichtstuhl reformieren, die Sexualität wurde eingeschränkt, die normengerechte Sexualität wurden erzwungen. Menschen wurden systematisch zum Heucheln angeleitet.“
The rituals and submissive behaviour towards the authorities left their mark on everyday culture, which still distinguishes Catholic countries such as Austria and Italy from Protestant regions such as Germany, England or Scandinavia. The Austrians' passion for academic titles has its origins in the Baroque hierarchies. The expression Baroque prince describes a particularly patriarchal and patronising politician who knows how to charm his audience with grand gestures. While political objectivity is valued in Germany, the style of Austrian politicians is theatrical, in keeping with the Austrian bon mot of "Schaumamal".