1669 gilt als das offizielle Gründungsjahr einer der wichtigsten Institutionen der Innsbrucker Stadtgeschichte. Am 15. Oktober gab Kaiser Leopold I. den Tirolern das Privileg des „Haller Salzaufschlags“, der es ermöglichte die begehrte Handelsware stärker zu besteuern und damit den Universitätsbetrieb zu finanzieren. Die Universität ging aus der Lateinschule hervor, die von den Jesuiten etwas mehr als hundert Jahre zuvor unter Ferdinand I. gegründet worden war. Der Schwerpunkt am Gymnasium lag auf der humanistischen Bildung. Latein und Griechisch waren Schwerpunkte im Unterricht. Wissenschaftliche Bücher wurden in der Frühen Neuzeit noch immer auf Latein verfasst. Auch für höhere Posten im öffentlichen Dienst war Latein Voraussetzung. Die Universität brachte neue Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten nach Innsbruck. Die erste Fakultät, die den Lehrbetrieb aufnahm, war die Philosophie. Theologie, Recht und Medizin folgten kurz darauf. Als Papst Innozenz XI. der Universität 1677 seinen Segen gab, war der Betrieb schon voll angelaufen und Studenten aus Tirol und anderen Ländern tummelten sich in Innsbruck. Ein Studium dauerte für gewöhnlich sieben Jahre, bevor sich der Absolvent als Zeichen seines Status als Doktor einen Ring über den Finger streifen durfte. In den ersten beiden Jahren musste jeder Student der Philosophie widmen, bevor er sich für ein Gebiet entschied. Zum geisteswissenschaftlichen Unterricht kamen Kirchendienste, Theateraufführungen, Musizieren und praktische Dinge wie Fechten und Reiten, die im Leben eines gebildeten jungen Mannes nicht fehlen durften.

Die Universität war aber mehr als ein Bildungsinstitut. Studenten und Professoren veränderten das soziale Gefüge der Stadt. Bei gesellschaftlichen Anlässen wie Prozessionen stachen Abordnungen wie die Congregation der heiligen Jungfrau, die sich aus Mitgliedern der jesuitisch geprägten Universität speiste, hervor. Die Professoren pflegten in ihren je nach Fachgebiet verschiedenartigen Samtmänteln aufzutreten, die Studenten mit den Schwertern, die sie tragen durften. Die Akademiker sprachen auch auf Deutsch anders als die einheimische Bevölkerung, offizielles wurde ohnehin meist auf Latein erledigt. 1665 hatte Innsbruck den Rang einer Residenzstadt verloren und hatte damit an Prestige und Glanz verloren. Der Universitätsbetrieb machte diese Degradierung etwas wett, blieb die Aristokratie so zumindest in Form von Studenten erhalten. Work hard, play hard galt auch damals als Motto. Der von den Professoren streng überwachte studentische Alltag in Aula und den Hörsälen wurde von einem bunten Mix aus feuchtfröhlicher Abendunterhaltung, Ausflügen in die Umgebung Innsbrucks, Musizieren, kirchlichen Prozessionen und Theateraufführungen aufgelockert. Das Zusammentreffen privilegierter Jugendlicher mit Bürgern, Dienstboten und Handwerkern lief nicht immer reibungsfrei ab. Unter den anfangs knapp 300 Studenten fanden sich viele Söhne aus Adelshäusern wieder. Die jungen Männer traten, anders als die streng und sittlich gekleideten Einwohner Innsbrucks, bunt und keck nach der Art mittelalterlicher Gecken in Erscheinung. Sie sprachen in einer Art und Weise miteinander, die Uneingeweihten als vollkommen lächerlich erscheinen musste. Bei den Studenten handelte es sich trotz ihres gesellschaftlichen Ranges häufig genug auch nicht um strebsame Musterschüler, sondern um junge Burschen, die einen gewissen Lebensstil und Status gewohnt waren. So begaben sich im Januar 1674 „nit allein zu nächtlicher Zeit sich Ungelegenheiten, Rumores und ungereimte Handlungen“ und es wurden „Studenten der Universität angetroffen, die allerlei verbotene Waffen wie Feuerrohr, Pistolen, Terzerol, Stilett, Säbel, Messer…“ bei sich hatten. Die der Oberschicht entstammenden Teenager waren es gewohnt, Waffen zu tragen und auch zu benutzen. Ehrverletzungen konnten, ähnlich wie beim Militär, auch in studentischen Kreisen zu Duellen führen. Besonders in Paarung mit Alkohol waren Ausschreitungen nicht ungewöhnlich.

Das exzentrische Verhalten der jungen Männer führte immer wieder zu skurrilen Problemen untereinander und mit den nicht-akademischen Innsbruckern. Studenten war es zum Beispiel verboten, über den Durst zu trinken. Geschah dies doch in einer der Wirtschaften Innsbrucks, so wurde der junge Delinquent ermahnt. Konnte oder wollte er die Rechnung nicht begleichen, konnte der geschädigte Wirt bei Gericht keine Anzeige einbringen, da der Ausschank alkoholischer Getränke über die Maßen an die Studentenschaft verboten war. Um den jungen Eliten Herr zu werden, bedurfte es eines eigenen Rechtssystems. Studenten unterlagen bis zu einem gewissen Grad dem Universitätsrecht unterlagen, das vom Stadtrecht losgelöst war. Um das Recht durchzusetzen, stellte das Rektorat eine eigene Truppe aus. Die Scharwache war mit Hellebarden bewaffnet und sollte die Rumores der Studenten so gut als möglich verhindern. Sechs Mann hatten Tag und Nacht bewaffneten Dienst, um die Ordnung aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Kosten dafür teilten sich die Stadt Innsbruck und die Universität. Es gab auch einen eigenen Carcer, um Übeltäter bei Wasser und Brot zu verwahren. Freiheitsentzug, Geldbußen und sogar Landesverweise konnten von der Universität ausgesprochen werden. Nur für die Blutgerichtsbarkeit musste die Landesregierung angerufen werden.

Die Universität war auch sonst durch ihre Geschichte hindurch ein Politikum. Der Name Leopold Franzens University geht auf die beiden Kaiser Leopold und Franz zurück, unter denen sie jeweils gegründet wurde. Zweimal wurde die Universität zu einem Lyzeum herabgestuft oder gar ganz abgeschafft. Kaiser Josef II. schloss die Pforten ebenso wie die bayerische Verwaltung während der Napoleonischen Kriege. Die jesuitisch geprägten und Studenten und Professoren waren ihnen suspekt und wurden aus dem Bildungssektor verband. Kaiser Franz I., der in der Restauration wieder mehr auf der traditionell katholischen Linie der Habsburger war, nahm 1826 die Neugründung vor. Unter Beobachtung blieb die Universität aber auch im Polizeistaat Metternichs weiterhin. Im Vormärz waren es nationalistisch und liberal gesinnte Kräfte, die man fürchtete. Die geheime Staatspolizei war nicht nur in den Hörsälen, sondern auch sonst in den studentischen Kreisen präsent, um problematisches Gedankengut junger Aufwiegler möglichst früh im Keim zu ersticken.

Die Industrialisierung und die damit einhergehenden neuen wirtschaftlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Spielregeln veränderten den Universitätsbetrieb. Ganz im Geist der Zeit beschäftigte sich die Eröffnungsrede des Dekans der philosophischen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Joachim Suppan (1794 – 1864), mit einem praktischen Problem der Physik, damit „eine genauere Kenntnis der so wichtigen und nützlichen Erfindung der Dampfmaschine auch für die vaterländische Industrie, wo dieselbe bisher noch keine Anwendung hat" would be achieved. The fact that Supan was also an ordained priest in addition to his degrees in philosophy and mathematics shows the influence that the church had on the education system in the 19th century. Supan's final exhortation to the students shows how closely the university was linked to the state authorities alongside the church, „dereinst dem Vaterlande durch Kenntnis und Tugend ersprießliche Dienste zu leisten“.

Die Nationalitätenkonflikte der späten Monarchie spiegelten sich ebenfalls in der Universitätsgeschichte wider. Das 19. Jahrhundert war das Zeitalter des Vereinswesens, im Fall der Universität der Studentenverbindungen. Im Falle Innsbruck waren es vor allem Probleme zwischen deutschsprachigen und italienischsprachigen Studenten, die immer wieder zu Problemen führten und ihren Höhepunkt in den Fatti di Innsbruck fanden. Deutschnational gesinnte Studenten spielten auch in weiterer Folge eine Hauptrolle an der Universität. Viele der jungen Männer waren im habsburgischen Großreich aufgewachsen und hatten im Ersten Weltkrieg gedient. Die junge Republik Österreich lag unter den jungen Akademikern nicht im Trend. Die Begeisterung flog teils dem als modern und dynamisch wirkenden faschistischen Italien und später dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland zu. Mit dem Anschluss an das Deutsche Reiche 1938 wurde die Universität ein weiteres Mal umbenannt. Nach dem Krieg wurde aus der German Alpine University again the Leopold Franzens University.

Die Universität war wie so vieles dem Standesdenken ihrer jeweiligen Zeit unterworfen. Frauen und Söhnen von Handwerksfamilien war das Studium an der Universität lange nicht gestattet. Das änderte sich erst in der Zeit nach der Monarchie. Den ersten weiblichen Doktor der Juristerei der Universität feierte man gar erst fünf Jahre nach der Entstehung der Republik. Die Presse notierte:

„Am kommenden Samstag wird an der Innsbrucker Universität Fräulein Mitzi Fischer zum Doktor iuris promoviert. Fräulein Fischer ist eine gebürtige Wienerin. In Wien absolvierte sie auch das Gymnasium. Nach der Reifeprüfung oblag sie dem juristischen Studium der Universität Innsbruck. Die zukünftige Doktorin hat sämtliche Prüfungen mit Auszeichnungen absolviert, müßte also nach dem früheren Brauche sub auspiciis imperatoris promovieren. Jedenfalls ist Fräulein Fischer die erste Dame, die sich an der Innsbrucker Universität den juristischen Doktortitel erwirbt.“

Erstaunlich ruhig verhielten sich die Studenten in Innsbruck in den Wendejahren 1848 und 1968 an der Universität. Während in anderen europäischen Städten die Studenten Treiber des Wandels waren, blieb man in Innsbruck unaufgeregt. Es gab in den späten 1960ern und 70ern zwar einzelne Gruppen wie die Communist Group Innsbruck, das Committee for Solidarity with Vietnam, die sozialistische VSStÖ oder die liberal-katholische Aktion innerhalb der ÖH, zu einer Massenbewegung kam es nicht. Während in Paris Pflastersteine flogen, gab man sich in Innsbruck mit Boykotten und Sit-ins zufrieden. Der allergrößte Teil der Studenten entstammte der Oberschicht und hatte die Matura in einem katholisch orientierten Gymnasium absolviert. Beethovens Weisheit, dass „As long as the Austrians still have brown beer and sausages, they won't revolt,“ traf zu. Nur wenige Studenten konnten sich für Solidarität mit Vietnam, Mao Zedong und Fidel Castro begeistern. Wer wollte schon die eigene Karriere aufs Spiel setzen, in einem Land, das von der Dreifaltigkeit aus Tiroler Tageszeitung, Bischof Paulus Rusch und dem Landtag mit absoluter Mehrheit der ÖVP dominiert wurde? Wer es trotzdem wagte, aufsässige Flugblätter oder linke Literatur zu verbreiten, musste mit medialer Diffamierung, einer Rüge durch das Rektorat oder gar dem Besuch der Staatsgewalt rechnen. Kritisiert wurden nur selten die Professoren, die im 20. Jahrhundert häufig noch Distanziertheit und den unnahbaren Nimbus der Frühen Neuzeit versprühten oder kaum Hehl aus ihrer politischen Gesinnung machten. Eher war die mangelhafte Ausstattung der bescheidenen Lehrsäle für die stets zunehmende Anzahl an Studenten. Die große Veränderung in den Universitäten wurde in Österreich nicht erkämpft, sondern gewählt. Unter Bundeskanzler Bruno Kreisky fielen die die Studiengebühren. Bildung wurde für eine größere Anzahl junger Menschen leist- und vorstellbar. Die Zahl der Studenten an österreichischen Hochschulen stieg dadurch zwischen 1968 und 1974 von 50.000 auf über 73.000 Menschen an.

Trotz aller Widrigkeiten und Kuriositäten durch die Jahrhunderte genoss die Universität Innsbruck seit ihren Anfangstagen meist einen sehr guten Ruf. Lehrende und Studierende sorgten im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert mehrfach für aufsehenerregende Leistungen in der Forschung. Victor Franz Hess wurde für seine Verdienste rund um die Erforschung der kosmischen Strahlung den Nobelpreis für Physik. Auch der Quantenphysiker Anton Zeilinger war an der Universität Innsbruck tätig, wenn auch nicht im Jahr 2022 bei seiner Verleihung. Den Nobelpreis für Chemie erhielten auch die Professoren Fritz Pregl, Adolf Windaus und Hans Fischer, wobei auch sie nicht mehr in Innsbruck tätig waren. Die Universitätsklinik erbrachte sowohl in Forschung und Ausbildung wie auch in der täglichen Versorgung der Stadt sehr gute Leistungen und zählt zu den Aushängeschildern Innsbrucks.

Nicht nur in intellektueller und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht ist die Universität wichtig für die Stadt. 30.000 Studierende bevölkern und prägen das Leben zwischen Nordkette und Patscherkofel. Die Zeit, in der junge Aristokraten in bunten Klamotten bei Prozessionen ausfällig werden, sind vorüber. Mittlerweile sind sie eher auf den Skipisten und Mountainbike-Trails zu finden. Das größte Problem, das die jungen Damen und Herren verursachen, sind auch keine Pogrome gegenüber nicht-deutschen Bevölkerungsgruppen. Ein großer Teil der Studierenden des 21. Jahrhunderts kommt selbst aus dem Ausland und treibt die Preise am Wohnungsmarkt seit den 1970erJahren auf Rekordhöhe. Im Oktober 1972 kam es zur Besetzung des Hexenhauses, einer leerstehenden Immobilie der Universität in der Schöpfstraße 24, die kurzerhand von einer Handvoll Studenten okkupiert wurde. Innsbruck gilt als die teuerste Landeshauptstadt, was Wohnraum betrifft, der Leerstand von Immobilien ist mehr als 50 Jahre nach der Hausbesetzung noch immer ein drängendes Problem. Wie sehr die Studierenden Innsbruck beleben, merkt man erst, wenn die Auswärtigen zwischen den einzelnen Semestern in ihre Heimat zurückkehren. Zehntausende beleben nicht nur das Nachtleben, sondern verpassen der Kleinstadt auch fast 400 Jahre nach der Gründung internationales Flair und hippe Urbanität.

Prejudice and racism towards immigrants were and are common in Innsbruck, as in all societies. Whether Syrian refugees since 2015 or Turkish guest workers in the 1970s and 80s, the foreign usually generates little well-disposed animosity in the average Tyrolean. Today, Italy may be Innsbruck's favourite travel destination and pizzerias part of everyday gastronomic life, but for a long time our southern neighbours were the most suspiciously eyed population group. What the Viennese Jew and Brick Bohemia were the Tyrolean's Wall's.

The aversion to Italians in Innsbruck can look back on a long tradition. Although Italy did not exist as an independent state, the political landscape was characterised by many small counties, city states and principalities between Lake Garda and Sicily. The individual regions also differed in terms of language and culture. Nevertheless, over time people began to see themselves as Italians. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period, they were mainly resident in Innsbruck as members of the civil service, courtiers, bankers or even wives of various sovereigns. The antipathy between Italians und Germans was mutual. Some were regarded as dishonourable, unreliable, snobbish, vain, morally corrupt and lazy, others as uncivilised, barbaric, uneducated and pigs.

With the wars between 1848 and 1866, hatred of all things Italian reached a new high in the Holy Land Tyrolalthough many Wallsche served in the k.u.k. army and most of the rural population among the Italian-speaking Tyroleans were loyal to the monarchy. The Italians under Garibaldi were regarded as godless rebels and republicans and were castigated from the church pulpits between Kufstein and Riva del Garda in both Italian and German.

The Tyrolean press landscape, which experienced an upswing after liberalisation in 1867, played a major role in the conflict. What today Social Media The newspapers of the time took over the role of the press, which contributed to social division. Conservatives, Catholics, Greater Germans, liberals and socialists each had their own press organs. Loyal readers of these hardly neutral papers lived in their opinion bubble. On the Italian side, the socialist Cesare Battisti (1875 - 1916), who was executed by the Austrian military during the war for high treason on the gallows, stood out. The journalist and politician, who had studied in Vienna and was therefore considered by many to be not just an enemy but a traitor, fuelled the conflict in the newspapers Il Popolo und L'Avvenire repeatedly fired with a sharp pen.

Associations also played a key role in the hardening of the fronts. Not only had the press law been reformed in 1867, but it was now also easier to found associations. This triggered a veritable boom. Sports clubs, gymnastics clubs, theatre groups, shooting clubs and the Innsbrucker Liedertafel often served as a kind of preliminary organisation that took a political stance and also agitated. The club members met in their own pubs and organised regular club evenings, often in public. The student fraternities were particularly politically active and extremist in their opinions. The young men came from the upper middle classes or the aristocracy and were used to buying and carrying weapons. A third of the students in Innsbruck belonged to a fraternity, of which just under half were of German nationalist orientation. Unlike today, it was not uncommon for them to appear in public in their full dress uniform, complete with sabre, beret and ribbon, often armed with a cane and revolver.

It is therefore not surprising that their habitat was a particular flashpoint. One of the biggest political points of contention in the autonomy debate and the desire to join the Kingdom of Italy was a separate Italian university. The loss of Padua meant that Tyroleans of Italian descent no longer had the opportunity to study in their native language at home. Although attending the university was actually only a matter for a small elite, irredentist, anti-Austrian Tyrolean members of parliament from Trentino were able to emotionally charge the issue again and again as a symbol of the desired autonomy and fuelled hatred of Habsburg. The debate as to whether a university in Trieste, the favoured location of the Italian-speaking representatives, Innsbruck, Trento or Rovereto should be targeted, went on for years. Wilhelm Greil was admonished for his incorrect behaviour towards the Italian population by the Imperial-Royal Governor. All language groups within the monarchy were to be treated equally by law from 1867 onwards.  

A look at the statistics shows just how great the fears of German nationalists that Italian students would overrun the country were. Even then, facts were often replaced in the discourse by gut feelings and racially motivated populism. After the incorporation of Pradl and Wilten in 1904, Innsbruck had just over 50,000 inhabitants. The proportion of students was just over 1000 and less than 2%. Of the approximately 3000 people of Italian descent, most of them Welschtiroler from Trentino, only just over 100 were enrolled at the university. The majority of the Wallschen made up labourers, innkeepers, traders and soldiers. Many had been living in and around Innsbruck for a long time. Many settled in Wilten in particular. Soon a small diaspora came together in the somewhat more favourable workers' village on the lower town square. Anton Gutmann sold Italian wines in his winery cooperative Riva in Leopoldstraße 30, and across the street you could eat well and cheaply at the Gasthaus Steneck specialities south of the Brenner. The majority were part of a different everyday culture, but as subjects of the monarchy they spoke excellent German; only a small proportion came from Dalmatia or Trieste and were actually foreign speakers. In keeping with the spirit of the times, they also founded sports clubs such as the Club Ciclistico oder die Unione Ginnasticasocialist-oriented workers' and consumer organisations, music clubs and student fraternities.

Although the students only made up a small proportion of them, they and the demand for an institute with Italian as the language of examination and teaching received above-average attention. Conservative and German nationalist politicians, students and the media saw an Italian university as a threat to Tyrolean Germanness. In addition to the ethnic and racist resentment towards the southern neighbours, Catholics in particular were also afraid of characters such as Cesare Battisti, who, as a socialist, embodied evil incarnate. Mayor Wilhelm Greil capitalised on the general hostility towards Italian-speaking residents and students in a similar populist manner as his Viennese counterpart Karl Lueger did in Vienna with his anti-Semitic propaganda.

After some back and forth, it was decided in September 1904 to establish a provisional law faculty in Innsbruck. This was intended to separate the students without marginalising one of the groups. From the outset, however, the project was not under a favourable star. Nobody wanted to rent the necessary premises to the university. Finally, the enterprising master builder Anton Fritz made a flat available in one of his tenement houses at Liebeneggstraße 8. At the inaugural lecture and the festive evening event in the White Cross Inn On 3 November, celebrities such as Battisti and the future Italian Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi were in attendance. The later the evening, the more exuberant the atmosphere. When shouts of invective such as "Porchi tedeschi“ and „Abbasso Austria" (Note: German pigs and down with Austria), the situation escalated. A mob of German-speaking students armed with sticks, knives and revolvers laid siege to the White cross, in which the Italians, who were also largely armed, entrenched themselves. A troop of Kaiserjäger successfully broke up the first riot. In the process, the painter August Pezzey (1875 - 1904) was accidentally fatally wounded by an overly nervous soldier with a bayonet thrust.

The Innsbrucker Nachrichten appeared after the night-time activities on 4 November under the headline: "German blood has flowed!". The editor present reported 100 to 200 revolver shots fired by the Italians at the "Crowd of German students" who had gathered in front of the White Cross Inn. The nine wounded were listed by name, followed by an astonishingly detailed account of what had happened, including Pezzey's wound. The news of the young man's death unleashed a storm of acts of revenge and violence. As with every riot, the convinced German nationalists were joined by onlookers and rioters who enjoyed going overboard in the anonymity of the crowd without any great political conviction. While the detained Italians in the completely overcrowded prison sang the martial anthem Inno di Garibaldi the city saw serious riots against Italian restaurants and businesses. The premises of the White Cross Inn were completely vandalised except for a portrait of Emperor Franz Josef. Rioters threw stones at the residence of the governor, Palais Trapp, as his wife had Italian roots. The building in Liebeneggstraße, which Anton Fritz had made available to the university, was destroyed, as was the architect's private residence.

August Pezzey, who died in the turmoil and came from a Ladin family, was declared a "German hero" in a national frenzy by politicians and the press. He was given a grave of honour at Innsbruck's West Cemetery. At his funeral, attended by thousands of mourners, Mayor Greil read out a pathetic speech:

"...A gloriously beautiful death was granted to you on the field of honour for the German people... In the fight against impudent acts of violence you breathed your last as a martyr for the German cause..."

Reports from the Fatti di Innsbruck made it into the international press and played a decisive role in the resignation of Austrian Prime Minister Ernest von Koerber. Depending on the medium, the Italians were portrayed as dishonourable bandits or courageous national heroes, the Austrians as pan-Germanist barbarians or bulwarks against the Wallsche seen. On 17 November, just two weeks after the ceremonial opening, the Italian faculty in Innsbruck was dissolved again. The language group was denied its own university within Austria-Hungary until the end of the monarchy in 1918. The long tradition of viewing Italians as dishonourable and lazy was further fuelled by Italy's entry into the war on the side of the Entente. To this day, many Tyroleans keep the negative prejudices against their southern neighbours alive. 

Franciscans, Premonstratensians, Carmelites, Servites, Capuchins, Ursulines. Anyone visiting Innsbruck will walk past many monasteries, usually without realising it. The Jesuits were probably the most politically and socially influential order in the history of the city from the 16th century onwards. The "Soldaten Christi" were founded by the Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola (1491 - 1556) in 1540. Loyola was a moral reformer and influential church politician who had access to the highest circles of power of his time. He wanted to change the church, but unlike Luther, not without the Pope as head. Dissolution of the monasteries' property was also not on his programme. Renewing the faith from the top down instead of destroying the existing order was the motto of the Societas Jesu.

The order quickly gained influence. The organisation and structure adopted from the military, the combination of humanist teachings and Catholic traditions, a penchant for science and education in combination with a mystical popular piety made them attractive to many people who were disappointed by the clergy's medieval decline in morals. With these characteristics, the Jesuits had their finger on the pulse of a time that was characterised by new political, social and economic structures. Like Protestant reformers, they skilfully used the new medium of book printing to disseminate their writings. You could say that they were the denominational continuation of social penetration by the state, new media and double-entry bookkeeping.

The political situation in the middle of the 16th century was muddled and crisis-ridden. Italy was badly affected by the wars between France and the Habsburgs. Large trading groups such as the Fuggers and the Welsers were gaining more and more influence. The German lands had suffered from the Peasants' Wars. Inflation was a threat and the many technical innovations of the period around 1500 frightened many people. But how could the wrath of God be averted because of the misdemeanours of the Renaissance popes and the impending end of the world if not through moral improvement and moral living according to the teachings of Christ?

A keen supporter of the Jesuits in Tyrol was Prince and later Emperor Ferdinand I. Like Ignatius of Loyola, he had grown up in Spain. He had just as many difficulties with the customs of the Germans and the non-existent Reformation movement in Spain as he did with the language. The Tyrolean population, on the other hand, were alienated from their sovereign, who, with his foreign court, could easily be mistaken for an occupying power. A connecting element between the two worlds was the Roman Church, especially the modern Jesuit order.

Probably the most important Jesuit theologian was Petrus Canisius (1521 - 1597). He grew up as Peter Canis in an upper middle-class household in the Netherlands. His father was the mayor of Nijmegen. From an early age, the future church strategist gained his first experience of high politics and learnt courtly behaviour before going to Cologne to study. Canisius was the first member of the order in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. The intelligent and educated young man had a stellar career. Ferdinand summoned him to Vienna, where he was appointed episcopal administrator and responsible for maintaining order at the university. One of his main activities at the university, in addition to teaching and research, was to track down and interrogate university members suspected of Protestantism.

Canisius also spent several years in Innsbruck. The Jesuits were actually supposed to move into the completed Hofkirche to take over the choral prayers for Maximilian I at his burial place. As the highest representative of the order north of the Alps, Canisius politely but firmly refused. He wrote a prayer guide for Ferdinand to set the prince on the right path. In 1563, the emperor managed to lure him to the Alps after all. The scholar was to assist him as an advisor and consultant for a dispute with the Pope at the Council of Trent. While the people of Innsbruck were suspicious of many of the other foreign preachers and counsellors who frequented the court, Canisius was an approachable man of the people. In October 1571, the parish of Wilten learnt from him of the victory of the papal-imperial fleet against the Ottomans at Lepanto. From the pulpit, Canisius proclaimed the triumph of the Christian forces against the impending pagan threat in the greatest naval battle in history in the style of a Catholic newsreader.

As a court preacher, Canisius was an advisor to the aristocracy, but his pious enthusiasm also made him a churchman for the masses. On behalf of the Lord, or rather his secular and ecclesiastical masters, he travelled across Europe. Like Martin Luther, he also looked "In the mouth of the people". It should not be forgotten that walking was the primary way of travelling for most people. Canisius is said to have travelled over 100,000 kilometres between the Netherlands, Rome and Poland. He usually stayed in simple inns while travelling. He knew how important it was to get the rural population behind him. While his brothers were proselytising in faraway India, he was proselytising against Protestantism in the German lands. He realised that preaching in Latin was not suitable for immunising peasants, farmhands and maids against the threat posed by Luther's Protestantism to the Roman Church. With his Catechism Petrus Canisius wrote an important German-language collection of ideas in the Catholic struggle against the Reformation, which was quickly translated into all European languages and was long regarded as a guide for the Catholic Church. Between 1555 and 1558, three differently complex versions of the work were created for different audiences. Resourceful editors created a pictorial catechism for illiterate readers in order to spread the ideas of the church to the people. Even in the 20th century, the Kanisi, as the work was affectionately nicknamed, was still the basis of religious education in schools.

Canisius also used the new medium of the pamphlet to reach as many people as possible. His writings, together with those of Luther, were probably the most widely read of the 16th century. Until well into the 19th century, and in some regions even after the Second World War, the Kanisias the catechism was affectionately known, was the most influential religious-philosophical work in Tyrol.

However, the strongest and most enduring pillar in the fight against the reformers was education. Canisius saw many bishops and politicians as corrupt, morally corrupt and sinful. Instead of eradicating them, however, they were to reform under the wing of the soldiers of Jesus. By opening new colleges, the Jesuits aimed to improve the education of civil servants, the nobility and the clergy and to set higher moral standards in everyday church life, orientated towards Christian roots. To this end, they founded colleges throughout the empire. Protestant countries and cities had begun German schoolsacademies and grammar schools. As many subjects as possible should be able to read in order to find piety and salvation in individual and direct Bible reading. The Jesuits, on the other hand, concentrated on educating the elite and thus gained lasting influence in the centres of power of the Catholic states.

Die Jesuiten gründeten in Innsbruck die Lateinschule, aus der später die Universität hervorgehen sollte. Das neue Bildungsinstitut hatte große Auswirkungen auf die Stadtentwicklung. Hier wurde die Intelligenzia ausgebildet, die Innsbrucks Aufstieg zum Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsstandort ermöglichte. Neben Lehrstühlen an der Universität hatten sie auch das Theresianum über. In den Räumlichkeiten des Franziskanerklosters wurden die adeligen Schüler des Gymnasiums und Studenten von 1775 bis 1848 in höfischen Sitten und tugendhaftem Benehmen unterrichtet und auf ihre berufliche Laufbahn vorbereitet. Die Theresianische Ritterakademie beherbergte die jungen Männer und vermittelte diplomatische Fähigkeiten wie Fremdsprachen und Tanz und militärische wie Fechten.  Unter Josef II. kam es zu einer Unterbrechung ihrer Tätigkeit. Er entmachtete und enteignete kirchliche Orden, darunter auch die von ihm wenig geliebten Jesuiten, die auch vom Papst als zu mächtig empfunden und deshalb verboten wurden. Die Universität Innsbruck wurde 1781 zu einem Lyzeum zurückgestuft. Den freigewordenen Platz im Jesuitenkollegium nutzte man, um einen ersten botanischen Garten anzulegen. Als 1808 unter der bayerischen Verwaltung zwischenzeitlich auch das Theresianum aufgehoben wurde, erweiterte man die Gartenanlage. 1838 wurden die Jesuiten wieder nach Innsbruck berufen. 1910 musste der Garten im Rahmen des Schulneubaus nach Hötting umziehen.

Durch das Netz aus einflussreichen Posten und den Einfluss auf das Bildungssystem wuchs der Orden rasch. Die Jesuiten schafften es vor allem während der Gegenreformation als treue Verbündete der Dynastie ein besonderes Verhältnis zu den Habsburgern aufzubauen. Vielen Mitgliedern der Dynastie ist in ihrem Herrschen und Tun der Einfluss des Ordens anzumerken, bei dem sie ihre Bildung genossen. Jesuiten wie Bartholomäus Viller oder Wilhelm Lamormaini waren als Beichtväter und Berater der Habsburger in der Frühen Neuzeit politisch einflussreich. Nicht umsonst sind die Jesuiten heute noch die Widersacher der Freimaurer in unzähligen Verschwörungstheorien und Romanen und gelten vielen als neuzeitliches Äquivalent des James-Bond-Bösewichts. Sie waren Forschung, Wissenssammlung und Bildung gegenüber sehr aufgeschlossen und wollten die Welt im Sinne der christlichen Schöpfung zu verstehen lernen. Das machte sie für Katholiken zu einem hippen Gegenpol sowohl zu den verstaubten bestehenden Orden wie auch den Protestanten. Glaube und Empirie verbanden sich zu einer Art vormodernen Wissenschaft, die Natur und Physik zu erklären versucht. Die Sammlung Ferdinands II. auf Schloss Ambras zeugt vom Forschungsdrang der Zeit ebenso wie die heute absurd anmutenden alchemistischen Experimente, die Kaiser Matthias (1557 – 1619) durchführte.

For all their love of the rational, mysticism also returned to everyday church life under the Jesuits. Passion plays, Easter sepulchres, processions and feast days were intended to soften the strict principles of the faith with drama and spectacle. Work hard - play hard was the motto. The celebrations during processions often degenerated into lavish festivities, which led to fights, sometimes even tumultuous and bloody scenes, similar to today's tent festivals. The bread and wine of the Lord were celebrated in the style of Panem et Circenses (bread and games) in ancient Rome. Petrus Canisius was commissioned by Ferdinand I to write a book about a miracle in Seefeld with the evocative name "Of the highly publicised miracle that took place with the most sacred sacrament of the altar on the Seefeld in the princely county of Tyrol in 1384 and what else is to be considered Christian and useful in this regard." to fuel the pilgrimage there.

This principle of mass social appropriation has survived to this day. The Marian Congregationknown as MK in Innsbruck, was one of the largest youth centres in Europe. In a modern sense, it can certainly be seen in the tradition of the church's gentle introduction to the faith and the education of young people.

The Jesuit order, fully committed to popular belief, was also highly motivated when it came to persecuting witches and people of other faiths. Peter Canisius was one of the masterminds behind the early modern witch hunts:

"Witches are being punished everywhere, and they are multiplying strangely.... They envy children the grace of baptism and deprive them of it. There are large numbers of child murderers among them... Never before in Germany have you seen people so devoted and dedicated to the devil..."

He also attracted attention as an exorcist, especially among noble ladies infected by the virus of Protestantism. Canisius used the attention that witches and people possessed by the devil attracted to publicise the power of the Catholic Church.

The Jesuits were also eagerly involved in the missionary work of pagans in the then recently discovered New World in America and Asia. St Francis Xavier, one of Ignatius of Loyola's first companions, died on a missionary journey to China. In a side chapel of the Jesuit church in Innsbruck, this Soldaten Christi an altar was consecrated.

Die Jesuiten halten bis heute ihre Hand lehrend über Innsbruck. Der Aufenthalt Petrus Canisius machte die Stadt im 16. Jahrhundert zu einem der theologischen Zentren der deutschsprachigen Welt. Sein Auftreten als Prediger und Gelehrter in der Stadt wäre mit einem Lehrauftrag Albert Einsteins an der Universität in den 1930er Jahren vergleichbar. Er selbst war von den frommen Älplern ebenfalls angetan.

"The Tyrol deserves our special attention, because it is even more Catholic than any other region of Germany and has not yet allowed itself to be ensnared by the heretics like the other countries. Even if many places have already been corrupted [...]. Innsbruck is ... the heart and life of the whole country."

When Innsbruck became its own diocese in 1964 under the Jesuit Paulus Rusch, St Peter Canisius was chosen as its patron saint. Today, Karl-Rahner-Platz is not only home to the Jesuit Church, but also the Faculty of Theology at the University of Innsbruck. In Saggen, the Collegium Canisianum belongs to the Jesuits. The MK is also still active in youth work.

Few eras are more difficult to grasp than the interwar period. The Roaring TwentiesJazz and automobiles come to mind, as do inflation and the economic crisis. In big cities like Berlin, young ladies behaved as Flappers with a bobbed head, cigarette and short skirts, lascivious to the new sounds, Innsbruck's population, as part of the young Republic of Austria, belonged for the most part to the faction of poverty, economic crisis and political polarisation.

Although the Republic of German-Austria had been proclaimed, it was unclear how things would continue in Austria. The new Austria seemed too small and not viable. The monarchy and nobility were banned. The bureaucratic state of the k.u.k. Empire seamlessly asserted itself under a new flag and name. The federal states, as successors to the old crown lands, were given a great deal of room for manoeuvre in legislation and administration within the framework of federalism. However, enthusiasm for the new state was limited among the population. Not only was the supply situation miserable after the loss of the vast majority of the former Habsburg empire, people mistrusted the basic idea of the republic. The monarchy had not been perfect, but only very few people could relate to the idea of democracy. Instead of being subjects of the emperor, they were now citizens, but only citizens of a dwarf state with an oversized capital that was little loved in the provinces instead of a large empire. In the former crown lands, most of which were governed by Christian socialists, people liked to speak of the Viennese water headwho was fed by the yields of the industrious rural population.

Other federal states also toyed with the idea of seceding from the Republic after the plan to join Germany, which was supported by all parties, was prohibited by the victorious powers of the First World War. The Tyrolean plans, however, were particularly spectacular. From a neutral Alpine state with other federal states, a free state consisting of Tyrol and Bavaria or from Kufstein to Salurn, an annexation to Switzerland and even a Catholic church state under papal leadership, there were many ideas. The most obvious solution was particularly popular. In Tyrol, feeling German was nothing new. So why not align oneself politically with the big brother in the north? This desire was particularly pronounced among urban elites and students. The annexation to Germany was approved by 98% in a vote in Tyrol, but never materialised.

Instead of becoming part of Germany, they were subject to the unloved Wallschen. Italian troops occupied Innsbruck for almost two years after the end of the war. At the peace negotiations in Paris, the Brenner Pass was declared the new border. The historic Tyrol was divided in two. The military was stationed at the Brenner Pass to secure a border that had never existed before and was perceived as unnatural and unjust. In 1924, the Innsbruck municipal council decided to name squares and streets around the main railway station after South Tyrolean towns. Bozner Platz, Brixnerstrasse and Salurnerstrasse still bear their names today. Many people on both sides of the Brenner felt betrayed. Although the war was far from won, they did not see themselves as losers to Italy. Hatred of Italians reached its peak in the interwar period, even if the occupying troops were emphatically lenient. A passage from the short story collection "The front above the peaks" by the National Socialist author Karl Springenschmid from the 1930s reflects the general mood:

"The young girl says, 'Becoming Italian would be the worst thing.

Old Tappeiner just nods and grumbles: "I know it myself and we all know it: becoming a whale would be the worst thing."

Trouble also loomed in domestic politics. The revolution in Russia and the ensuing civil war with millions of deaths, expropriation and a complete reversal of the system cast its long shadow all the way to Austria. The prospect of Soviet conditions made people afraid. Austria was deeply divided. Capital and provinces, city and countryside, citizens, workers and farmers - in the vacuum of the first post-war years, each group wanted to shape the future according to their own ideas. The divide was not only on a political level. Morality, family, leisure activities, education, faith, understanding of the law - every area of life was affected. Who should rule? How should wealth, rights and duties be distributed? A communist coup was not a real danger, especially in Tyrol, but could be easily instrumentalised in the media as a threat to discredit social democracy. In 1919, a communist movement had formed in Innsbruck. Workers', farmers' and soldiers' council modelled on the Soviet model, but its influence remained limited and was not supported by any party. The soldiers' councils officially formed from 1920 onwards were dominated by Christian socialists. The peasant and middle-class camp to the right of centre became militarised as a result of the Tiroler Heimatwehr more professionally and in greater numbers than left-wing groups. Nevertheless, social democracy was criticised from church pulpits and in the conservative media as Jewish Party and homeless traitors to their country. They were all too readily blamed for the lost war and its consequences. The Tiroler Anzeiger summarised the people's fears in a nutshell: "Woe to the Christian people if the Jews=Socialists win the elections!".

While in the rural districts the Tyrolean People's Party as a merger of Farmers' Union, People's Association und Catholic Labour Despite the strong headwinds in Innsbruck, the Social Democrats under the leadership of Martin Rapoldi were able to win between 30 and 50% of the vote in the first elections in 1919. The fact that it did not work out for the comrades with the mayor's seat was due to the majorities in the municipal council through alliances of the other parties. Liberals and Tyrolean People's Party was at least as hostile to social democracy as he was to the federal capital Vienna and the Italian occupiers.

But high politics was only the framework of the actual misery. The as Spanish flu This epidemic, which has gone down in history, also took its toll in Innsbruck in the years following the war. Exact figures were not recorded, but the number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 27 - 50 million. Many Innsbruck residents had not returned home from the battlefields and were missing as fathers, husbands and labourers. Many of those who had made it back were wounded and scarred by the horrors of war. As late as February 1920, the "Tyrolean Committee of the Siberians" at the Gasthof Breinößl "...in favour of the fund for the repatriation of our prisoners of war..." organised a charity evening. Long after the war, the province of Tyrol still needed help from abroad to feed the population. Under the heading "Significant expansion of the American children's aid programme in Tyrol" was published on 9 April 1921 in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten to read: "Taking into account the needs of the province of Tyrol, the American representatives for Austria have most generously increased the daily number of meals to 18,000 portions.“

Then there was unemployment. Civil servants and public sector employees in particular had lost their jobs after the League of Nations tied its loan to harsh austerity measures. Tourism as an economic factor was non-existent due to the problems in the neighbouring countries, which were also shaken by the war. Many people lost their homes. In 1922, 3,000 families were looking for housing in Innsbruck despite a municipal emergency housing programme that had already been in place for several years. Flats were built in all available properties. On 11 February 1921, there was a long list in the Innsbrucker Nachrichten on the individual projects that were run, including this item:

„The municipal hospital abandoned the epidemic barracks in Pradl and made them available to the municipality for the construction of emergency flats. The necessary loan of 295 K (note: crowns) was approved for the construction of 7 emergency flats.“

Very little happened in the first few years. It was only with the currency restructuring and the introduction of the schilling as the new currency in 1925 under Chancellor Ignaz Seipel that Innsbruck began to recover, at least superficially, and was able to initiate the modernisation of the city. This led to what economists call a false boom. This Bubble brought the city of Innsbruck major projects such as the Tivoli, the municipal indoor swimming pool, the high road to the Hungerburg, the mountain railways to Mount Isel and the Nordkette, new schools and apartment blocks. The town bought Lake Achensee and, as the main shareholder of TIWAG, built the power station in Jenbach. The signature of the new, large mass parties in the design of these projects cannot be overlooked.

The first republic was a difficult birth from the remnants of the former monarchy and it was not to last long. Despite the post-war problems, however, a lot of positive things also happened in the First Republic. Subjects became citizens. What began in the time of Maria Theresa was now continued under new auspices. The change from subject to citizen was characterised not only by a new right to vote, but above all by the increased care of the state. State regulations, schools, kindergartens, labour offices, hospitals and municipal housing estates replaced the benevolence of the landlord, sovereigns, wealthy citizens, the monarchy and the church.

To this day, much of the Austrian state and Innsbruck's cityscape and infrastructure are based on what emerged after the collapse of the monarchy. In Innsbruck, there are no conscious memorials to the emergence of the First Republic in Austria. The listed residential complexes such as the Slaughterhouse blockthe Pembaurblock or the Mandelsbergerblock oder die Pembaur School are contemporary witnesses turned to stone.

It was almost not Gavrilo Princip, but a student from Innsbruck who changed the fate of the world. It was thanks to chance that the 20-year-old Serb was stopped in 1913 because he bragged to a waitress that he was planning to assassinate the heir to the throne. It was only when the world-changing shooting in Sarajevo actually took place that an article about it appeared in the media. After the actual assassination of Franz Ferdinand on 28 June, it was impossible to foresee what impact the First World War that broke out as a result would have on the world and people's everyday lives. However, two days after the assassination of the Habsburg in Sarajevo, the Innsbrucker Nachrichten already prophetic: "We have reached a turning point - perhaps the "turning point" - in the fortunes of this empire".

Enthusiasm for the war in 1914 was also high in Innsbruck. From the "Gott, Kaiser und VaterlandDriven by the "spirit of the times", most people unanimously welcomed the attack on Serbia. Politicians, the clergy and the press joined in the general rejoicing. In addition to the imperial appeal "To my peoples", which appeared in all the media of the empire, the Innsbrucker Nachrichten On 29 July, the day after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the media published an article about the capture of Belgrade by Prince Eugene in 1717. The tone in the media was celebratory, although not entirely without foreboding of what was to come.

"The Emperor's appeal to his people will be deeply felt. The internal strife has been silenced and the speculations of our enemies about unrest and similar things have been miserably put to shame. Above all, the Germans stand by the Emperor and the Empire in their old and well-tried loyalty: this time, too, they are ready to stand up for dynasty and fatherland with their blood. We are facing difficult days; no one can even guess what fate will bring us, what it will bring to Europe, what it will bring to the world. We can only trust with our old Emperor in our strength and in God and cherish the confidence that, if we find unity and stick together, we must be granted victory, for we did not want war and our cause is that of justice!"

Theologians such as Joseph Seeber (1856 - 1919) and Anton Müllner alias Bruder Willram (1870 - 1919) who, with her sermons and writings such as "Das blutige Jahr" elevated the war to a crusade against France and Italy.

Many Innsbruckers volunteered for the campaign against Serbia, which was thought to be a matter of a few weeks or months. Such a large number of volunteers came from outside the city to join the military commissions that Innsbruck was almost bursting at the seams. Nobody could have guessed how different things would turn out. Even after the first battles in distant Galicia, it was clear that it would not be a matter of months. Kaiserjäger and other Tyrolean troops were literally burnt out. Poor equipment, a lack of supplies and the catastrophic leadership of the high command under Konrad von Hötzendorf led to the deaths of thousands or to captivity, where hunger, abuse and forced labour awaited them.

In 1915, the Kingdom of Italy entered the war on the side of France and England. This meant that the front went right through what was then Tyrol. From the Ortler in the west across northern Lake Garda to the Sextener Dolomiten the battles of the mountain war took place. Innsbruck was not directly affected by the fighting. However, the war could at least be heard as far as the provincial capital, as was reported in the newspaper of 7 July 1915:

„Bald nach Beginn der Feindseligkeiten der Italiener konnte man in der Gegend der Serlesspitze deutlich Kanonendonner wahrnehmen, der von einem der Kampfplätze im Süden Tirols kam, wahrscheinlich von der Vielgereuter Hochebene. In den letzten Tagen ist nun in Innsbruck selbst und im Nordosten der Stadt unzweifelhaft der Schall von Geschützdonner festgestellt worden, einzelne starke Schläge, die dumpf, nicht rollend und tönend über den Brenner herüberklangen. Eine Täuschung ist ausgeschlossen. In Innsbruck selbst ist der Donner der Kanonen schwerer festzustellen, weil hier der Lärm zu groß ist, es wurde aber doch einmal abends ungefähr um 9 Uhr, als einigermaßen Ruhe herrschte, dieser unzweifelhafte von unseren Mörsern herrührender Donner gehört.“

Until the transfer of regular troops from the Eastern Front to the Tyrolean borders, the national defence depended on the Standschützen, a troop made up of men under 21, over 42 or unfit for regular military service. The casualty figures were correspondingly high.

Although the front was relatively far away from Innsbruck, the war also penetrated civilian life. This experience of the total involvement of society as a whole was new to the people. Barracks were erected in the Höttinger Au to house prisoners of war. Transports of wounded brought such a large number of horribly injured soldiers that many civilian buildings such as the university library, which was currently under construction, or Ambras Castle were converted into military hospitals. The Pradl military cemetery was established to cope with the large number of fallen soldiers. A predecessor to tram line 3 was set up to transport the wounded from the railway station to the new garrison hospital, today's Conrad barracks in Pradl.

As the war drew to a close, so did the front. In February 1918, the Italian air force managed to drop three bombs on Innsbruck. In this winter, which was known as Hunger winter When the war went down in European history, the shortages also made themselves felt. In the final years of the war, food was supplied via ration coupons. 500 g of meat, 60 g of butter and 2 kg of potatoes were the basic diet per person - per week, mind you. Archive photos show the long queues of desperate and hungry people outside the food shops. There were repeated protests and strikes. Politicians, trade unionists, workers and war returnees saw their chance for change. Under the motto Peace, bread and the right to vote a wide variety of parties united in resistance to the war. At this time, most people were already aware that the war was lost and what fate awaited Tyrol, as this article from 6 October 1918 shows:

 „Aeußere und innere Feinde würfeln heute um das Land Andreas Hofers. Der letzte Wurf ist noch grausamer; schändlicher ist noch nie ein freies Land geschachert worden. Das Blut unserer Väter, Söhne und Brüder ist umsonst geflossen, wenn dieser schändliche Plan Wirklichkeit werden soll. Der letzte Wurf ist noch nicht getan. Darum auf Tiroler, zum Tiroler Volkstag in Brixen am 13. Oktober 1918 (nächsten Sonntag). Deutscher Boden muß deutsch bleiben, Tiroler Boden muß tirolisch bleiben. Tiroler entscheidet selbst über Eure Zukunft!“

On 4 November, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy finally agreed an armistice. This gave the Allies the right to occupy areas of the monarchy. The very next day, Bavarian troops entered Innsbruck. Austria's ally Germany was still at war with Italy and was afraid that the front could be moved closer to the German Reich in North Tyrol. Fortunately for Innsbruck and the surrounding area, however, Germany also surrendered a week later on 11 November. This meant that the major battles between regular armies did not take place.

Nevertheless, Innsbruck was in danger. Huge columns of military vehicles, trains full of soldiers and thousands of emaciated soldiers making their way home from the front on foot passed through the city. The city not only had to keep its own citizens in check and guarantee rations, but also protect itself from looting. In order to maintain public order, on 5 November the Tyrolean National Council formed a People's Army made up of schoolchildren, students, workers and citizens. On 23 November 1918, Italian troops occupied the city and the surrounding area. Mayor Greil's appeals to the people of Innsbruck to surrender the city without rioting were successful. Although there were isolated riots, hunger riots and looting, there were no armed clashes with the occupying troops or even a Bolshevik revolution as in Munich.

Over 1200 Innsbruck residents lost their lives on the battlefields and in military hospitals, over 600 were wounded. Memorials to the First World War and its victims can be found in Innsbruck, particularly at churches and cemeteries. The Kaiserjägermuseum on Mount Isel displays uniforms, weapons and pictures of the battle. Streets in Innsbruck are dedicated to the two theologians Anton Müllner and Josef Seeber. A street was also named after the commander-in-chief of the Imperial and Royal Army on the Southern Front, Archduke Eugene. There is a memorial to the unsuccessful commander in front of the Hofgarten. The eastern part of the Amras military cemetery commemorates the Italian occupation.